RAC3

This article is about a protein. For the third game in the Ratchet & Clank series, see Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal.

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (Rac3) is a G protein that in humans is encoded by the RAC3 gene.^[5] It is an important component of intracellular signalling pathways. Rac3 is a member of the Rac subfamily of the Rho family of small G proteins.^[6][7] Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal reorganization, and the activation of protein kinases.^[5]

RAC3
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2C2H, 2G0N, 2IC5, 2OV2, 2QME
Identifiers
Aliases	RAC3, ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac3), Rac family small GTPase 3
External IDs	OMIM: 602050; MGI: 2180784; HomoloGene: 68433; GeneCards: RAC3; OMA:RAC3 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human)[1] Band 17q25.3 Start 82,031,678 bp[1] End 82,034,204 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2] Band 11|11 E2 Start 120,612,296 bp[2] End 120,614,795 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right hemisphere of cerebellum ganglionic eminence ventricular zone right frontal lobe right testis cingulate gyrus anterior cingulate cortex left testis prefrontal cortex anterior pituitary Top expressed in dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus lip dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell ventromedial nucleus neural tube secondary oocyte superior frontal gyrus primary visual cortex lateral hypothalamus embryo More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function nucleotide binding GTP binding calcium-dependent protein binding protein binding GTPase activity protein kinase binding Cellular component cytoplasm filamentous actin cytosol cell projection membrane growth cone plasma membrane soma perinuclear region of cytoplasm neuron projection extracellular exosome cytoskeleton endomembrane system cell periphery lamellipodium intracellular anatomical structure Biological process intracellular signal transduction neuromuscular process controlling balance regulation of neuron maturation synaptic transmission, GABAergic cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading neuromuscular process cell projection assembly regulation of cell morphogenesis homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin neuron projection development regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction actin cytoskeleton organization small GTPase mediated signal transduction cell morphogenesis actin filament organization Rho protein signal transduction cell migration positive regulation of actin filament polymerization actin cytoskeleton reorganization engulfment of apoptotic cell Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5881 170758 Ensembl ENSG00000169750 ENSMUSG00000018012 UniProt P60763 P60764 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_005052 NM_001316307 NM_133223 RefSeq (protein) NP_001303236 NP_005043 NP_573486 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 82.03 – 82.03 Mb Chr 11: 120.61 – 120.61 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Interactions

RAC3 has been shown to interact with CIB1^[8] and HNF1A.^[9] RAC3 also interacts with Nrf2 proteins.^[10] ET_AR, ILK, and β-arr1 interact with RAC3 as well.^[11]

Location

RAC3 gene is located in the third sub-band of the fifth band in the second region of the q arm on chromosome 17. There's many tumor suppressor genes that are located around the RAC3 gene.^[12]

Therapeutic use

Since the RAC3 gene is over-expressed in carcinoma cells, it can function as a therapeutic target for the treatment of different cancer such as lung adenocarcinoma. To become invasive, epithelial cells have to transform into mesenchymal cells and the transformation is regulated by the RAC3 gene. As a result, if the RAC3 gene is silenced, lung adenocarcinoma cells cannot metastasize. In addition, drugs designed to silence the RAC3 gene lead to the apoptosis of tumor cells, thus preventing the cells from colonizing.^[13]

Pathological mutations

Mutations of the RAC3 gene may result in neurodevelopmental disorder with structural brain anomalies and dysmorphic facies, first described in 2018 by White et al.