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Riesz potential

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In mathematics, the Riesz potential is a potential named after its discoverer, the Hungarian mathematician Marcel Riesz. In a sense, the Riesz potential defines an inverse for a power of the Laplace operator on Euclidean space. They generalize to several variables the Riemann–Liouville integrals of one variable.

Definition

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If 0 < α < n, then the Riesz potential Iαf of a locally integrable function f on Rn is the function defined by

where the constant is given by

This singular integral is well-defined provided f decays sufficiently rapidly at infinity, specifically if f  Lp(Rn) with 1  p < n/α. The classical result due to Sobolev states that the rate of decay of f and that of Iαf are related in the form of an inequality (the Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev inequality)

For p=1 the result was extended by (Schikorra, Spector & Van Schaftingen 2014),

where is the vector-valued Riesz transform. More generally, the operators Iα are well-defined for complex α such that 0 < Re α < n.

The Riesz potential can be defined more generally in a weak sense as the convolution

where Kα is the locally integrable function:

The Riesz potential can therefore be defined whenever f is a compactly supported distribution. In this connection, the Riesz potential of a positive Borel measure μ with compact support is chiefly of interest in potential theory because Iαμ is then a (continuous) subharmonic function off the support of μ, and is lower semicontinuous on all of Rn.

Consideration of the Fourier transform reveals that the Riesz potential is a Fourier multiplier.[1] In fact, one has

and so, by the convolution theorem,

The Riesz potentials satisfy the following semigroup property on, for instance, rapidly decreasing continuous functions

provided

Furthermore, if 0 < Re α < n–2, then

One also has, for this class of functions,

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See also

Notes

References

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