Rushani language

Rushani is one of the Pamir languages spoken in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Rushani is relatively closer to all Northern Pamiri languages sub-group whether it is Shughni, Yazgulami, Sarikuli or Oroshori sharing many grammatical and vocabulary similarity with all of them especially with Shughni and thus some linguists consider it a dialect of Shughni.

Rushani
Rushan, Roshani, Oroshani[1]
rix̌ůn ziv риx̌ӯн зив
Native to	Afghanistan, Tajikistan
Ethnicity	73,800 Rushan people[2]
Native speakers	(18,000 cited 1990)[2]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Eastern Iranian Pamiri Rushani
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Linguist List	sgh-rus
Glottolog	rush1239
ELP	Rushani
Rushani is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Rushan is divided into two parts by Panj river where on right bank along Bartang river to the East located Rushan district of GBAO, Tajikistan and on the left side located several villages of Roshan area in northern part of the Sheghnan District, in the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan. Afghani Roshan consists of six villages including Rubotin, Paguor, Chawed, York, Shaikhin and Chasnud, five of which are located on the bank of the river Panj, which meets^{[clarification needed]} at the border of Tajikistan.^[3] Most Rushani speakers belong to the Ismaili branch of Shi'a Islam.^[3]

Language use

Rushani, like Shughni, is only used in unofficial settings. All of the children in the community learn Rushani as their first language and rely heavily on it until they enroll in school. It is only then that they learn the official language of the country.^[3] Adult speakers are all bi- or tri-lingual in Tajik and Russian.

Traditionally Rushani was not a written language, with Rushani speakers writing in Persian.^[4] Writing systems have been developed for the language using Cyrillic and Latin scripts, for example for use in translation of parts of the bible by the Institute for Bible Translation.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Near-close	ɪ		ʊ
Close-mid	e	ɵ	o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open	a		ɑ

• Long vowels occur as /iː, eː, oː, uː/

Consonants

The following are the consonants of Rushani:^[5]

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
			plain	sibilant
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	t͡ʃ	k	q
	voiced	b	d	d͡z	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	θ	s	ʃ	x	χ	(h)
	voiced	v	ð	z	ʒ	ɣ	ʁ
Nasal		m	n			(ŋ)
Approximant			l		j	w
Rhotic			r

• /r/ can be realised as a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
• A glottal /h/ may also appear due to the influence of Tajik.^[6]

Orthography

Cyrillic	Latin	Cyrillic	Latin	Cyrillic	Latin	Cyrillic	Latin	Cyrillic	Latin
А а	A a	Д д	D d	Й й	Y y	П п	P p	Ф ф	F f
А̄ а̄	Ā ā	Д̌ д̌	Δ δ	К к	K k	Р р	R r	Х х	X x
Б б	B b	Е е	E e	Қ қ	Q q	С с	S s	Х̌ х̌	X̌ x̌
В в	V v	Ж ж	Ž ž	Л л	L l	Т т	T t	Ц ц	C c
В̌ в̌	W w	З з	Z z	М м	M m	Т̌ т̌	Θ ϑ	Ч ч	Č č
Г г	G g	Ҙ ҙ	Ӡ ӡ	Н н	N n	У у	U u	Ҷ ҷ	J̌ ǰ
Г̌ г̌	Ɣ̌ ɣ̌	И и	I i	О о	O o	Ӯ ӯ	Ū ū	Ш ш	Š š
Ғ ғ	Ɣ ɣ	Ӣ ӣ	Ī ī	О̄ о̄	Ō ō	У̊ у̊	Ů ů

Verbs

Rushani is unusual in having a transitive alignment system – a so-called double-oblique clause structure – in the past tense. That is, in the past tense,^[7] the agent and object of a transitive verb are both marked, while the subject of an intransitive verb is not. In the present tense, the object of the transitive verb is marked, the other two roles are not – that is, a typical nominative–accusative alignment.^[8] See transitive alignment for examples.

Literature

• Zarubin, I.I. Bartangskie i rushanskie teksty i slovar. Moskva : Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1937.
• Payne, John, "Pamir languages" in Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. Schmitt (1989), 417–444.
• Payne, John. "The decay of ergativity in Pamir languages." Lingua 51:147-186.