Second Dynasty of Egypt

"Second Dynasty" redirects here. For other uses, see Second Dynasty (disambiguation).

The Second Dynasty of ancient Egypt (or Dynasty II, c. 2890 – c. 2686 BC^[1]) is the latter of the two dynasties of the Egyptian Archaic Period, when the seat of government was centred at Thinis. It is most known for its last ruler, Khasekhemwy, but is otherwise one of the most obscure periods in Egyptian history.

Second Dynasty of Egypt
c. 2890 BC–c. 2686 BC
Statue of Khasekhemwy, Ashmolean Museum
Capital	Thinis
Common languages	Egyptian language
Religion	ancient Egyptian religion
Government	Absolute monarchy
Historical era	Bronze Age
• Established	c. 2890 BC
• Disestablished	c. 2686 BC
Preceded by Succeeded by First Dynasty of Egypt Third Dynasty of Egypt

Though archaeological evidence of the time is very scant, contrasting data from the First and Third Dynasties indicates important institutional and economic developments during the Second Dynasty.^[2][3]

Rulers

For the first three pharaohs, sources are fairly close in agreement and the order is supported by an inscription on the statuette of Hetepdief, who served in the mortuary cults of these three kings.^[4]

Name		Years Reigned	Burial
Hotepsekhemwy		25–29	Gallery Tomb A, Saqqara?
Nebra (also known as Kakau)		10–14	Gallery Tomb A, Saqqara?
Nynetjer		40	Gallery Tomb B, Saqqara

But the identity of the next few rulers is unclear. Surviving sources might be giving the Horus name or the Nebty name and the birth names of these rulers. They may also be entirely different individuals, or could be legendary names. This might never be resolved.

It has been theorised that following the reign of Nynetjer, the country was split and ruled by two successors due to the overly complex state administration of the whole of Egypt.^[5]

The following list contains various king names from different sources:

Name		Years reigned (Manetho)[6]	Notes	Burial
Weneg / Wadjenes		17	Listed as the fourth king of the dynasty on the Turin, Saqqara and Abydos king lists. Only attested in Lower Egypt.[7] Weneg is generally accepted as a nebti (or throne) name and it is unknown what his horus name was.[8] Theorised to be the same person as Raneb,[9] Sekhemib-Perenmaat[10] or a completely separate king from the others of the Second dynasty. Known as Tlas in Manetho's Aegyptica.[6]
Senedj		41	Listed as the fifth king of the dynasty on the Turin, Saqqara and Abydos king lists. Horus name unknown. May be identifiable with Horus Sa.[11] Known as Sethenes in Manetho's Aegyptica.[6]
Khaires		17	Mentioned in Manetho's Aegyptica.[6] Unknown which historical king this name refers to.
Neferkara I		25	Only attested in later documents dated long after the time period of the Second dynasty. Listed as the sixth king of the dynasty in the Saqqara and Turin King lists, but omitted from the Abydos King List. May have only ruled Lower Egypt. Known as Nephercheres in Manetho's Aegyptica.[6]
Neferkasokar		48	Only attested in later documents dated long after the time period of the Second dynasty. Listed as the seventh king of the dynasty in the Saqqara and Turin King lists, but omitted from the Abydos King List. May have only ruled Lower Egypt. Known as Sesochris in Manetho's Aegyptica.[6]
Hudjefa I		?	Name literally means "erased" or "missing", showing that this king's name was unknown or lost by the Nineteenth Dynasty. Listed as the eighth king of the dynasty on the Saqqara Tablet, but omitted from the Abydos King List. May have only ruled Lower Egypt. Theorised to be the same person as Peribsen and may have been deliberately omitted.[12]
Seth-Peribsen		?	Name connected to Seth deity rather than the traditional Horus. Attested by contemporary inscriptions, but not on later king lists. Only attested in Upper Egypt.[13]	Tomb P, Umm El Qa'ab
Sekhemib-Perenmaat		?	Attested by contemporary inscriptions, but not on later king lists. May be the same person as Seth-Peribsen[14] or his immediate successor.[15][16]	Tomb P, Umm El Qa'ab (?)
Nubnefer		?	Birth name of a king, unknown placement. Name does not appear on any known official king lists. May be birth name of Raneb[17] or a completely separate ephemeral king who ruled at some point following Nynetjer's reign.[18]

With the last ruler, the sources return to an agreement:

Name		Years Reigned	Notes	Burial	Consort(s)
Khasekhemwy		17–18	Known as Kheneres in Manetho's Aegyptica.[6] Reigned for 30 years according to Manetho.[6]	Tomb V, Umm El Qa'ab	Nimaathap

Manetho states Thinis was the capital, as in the First Dynasty, but the first three kings were buried at Saqqara, suggesting the center of power had moved to Memphis. Beyond this, little can be said about the events during this period as the annual records on the Palermo stone only survive to the end of the reign of Nebra and for parts of Nynetjer's. One important event, the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, might have occurred during the reign of Khasekhemwy as many Egyptologists read his name as "the Two Powers arise".

Comparison of regnal lists

Historical Pharaoh	Abydos King List	Saqqara Tablet	Turin King List	Manetho[6]
Hotepsekhemwy	Bedjau	Baunetjer	Baunetjer	Boethos
Nebra	Kakau	Kakau	Kakau	Kaiekhos
Nynetjer	Banetjer	Banetjeru	Banetjer	Binothris
Wadjenes	Wadjnas	Wadjlas	[...]s	Tlas
Senedj	Sendi	Senedj	Sened[...]	Sethenes
?	–	–	–	Khaires
Neferkara I	–	Neferkare	Neferka	Nephercheres
Neferkasokar	–	Neferkasokar	Neferkasokar	Sesochris
Hudjefa	–	Hudjefa	–	–
Khasekhemwy	Djadjay	Bebti	Bebti	Kheneres

See also

• Dynasties of ancient Egypt
• Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)
• Predynastic Egypt