Section 123 Agreement

Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.^[1][2] Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement.^[3] To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-six 123 Agreements with 52 countries.^[4]

123 Agreement countries as of February 2025

Current   Euratom members

Former   United States

Agreement Countries

Countries with which the U.S. has a Section 123 Agreement as of 2025 include:

Current

•  Argentina^[5]
•  Australia^[5]
•  Brazil^[5]
•  Canada^[5]
•  China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)^[6]
• Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights)^[6]
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)^[5]
•  India (With advance consent to reprocessing),^[7] exempt from certain safeguards by Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement.
•  Indonesia^[5]
•  Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)^[6]
•  Kazakhstan^[5]
•  Republic of Korea^[5]
•  Mexico^[8]
•  Morocco^[9]
•  Norway^[8]
•  Philippines^[8][10]
•  Russia^[8][11]
•  Singapore^[8][12]
•   Switzerland^[8]
•  Taiwan^[5] via the American Institute in Taiwan^[8]
•  Thailand (1974-2014, 2025-2065)^[5][13]
•  Turkey^[5]
•  Ukraine^[14][5]
•  UAE^[15]
•  UK^[8]
•  Vietnam^[8]

Former

•  Bangladesh:^[5] September 17, 1981 - June 24, 2012
•  Colombia^[5][16]
•  Egypt^[17][16]
•  South Africa:^[5] December 4, 1997 - December 4, 2022

Proposed

•  Romania (Never signed, superseded by Euratom agreement once Romania joined the EU)^[18]