TNNI1

Troponin I, slow skeletal muscle is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNNI1 gene.^[5][6][7] It is a tissue-specific subtype of troponin I, which in turn is a part of the troponin complex.

TNNI1
Identifiers
Aliases	TNNI1, SSTNI, TNN1, troponin I1, slow skeletal type
External IDs	OMIM: 191042; MGI: 105073; HomoloGene: 2462; GeneCards: TNNI1; OMA:TNNI1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1q32.1 Start 201,403,768 bp[1] End 201,429,866 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 1 (mouse)[2] Band 1 E4|1 59.28 cM Start 135,707,172 bp[2] End 135,738,727 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii triceps brachii muscle muscle of thigh thoracic diaphragm glutes vastus lateralis muscle gastrocnemius muscle body of tongue deltoid muscle Top expressed in soleus muscle atrium endocardial cushion atrioventricular valve ankle plantaris muscle extraocular muscle thoracic diaphragm intercostal muscle human fetus More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function actin binding protein binding metal ion binding Cellular component cytosol troponin complex Biological process ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis skeletal muscle contraction regulation of striated muscle contraction cardiac muscle contraction transition between fast and slow fiber muscle filament sliding muscle contraction Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 7135 21952 Ensembl ENSG00000159173 ENSMUSG00000026418 UniProt P19237 Q9WUZ5 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003281 NM_001112702 NM_021467 RefSeq (protein) NP_003272 NP_001106173 NP_067442 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 201.4 – 201.43 Mb Chr 1: 135.71 – 135.74 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Gene TNNI1, troponin I type 1 (skeletal muscle, slow), also known as TNN1 and SSTNI, is located at 1q31.3 in the human chromosomal genome, encoding the slow twitch skeletal muscle isoform of troponin I (ssTnI), the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex in striated muscle myofilaments.^[8][9] Human TNNI1 spans 12.5 kilobases in the genomic DNA and contains 9 exons and 8 introns.^[6] Exon 2 to exon 8 contain the coding sequences, encoding a protein of 21.7 kDa consisting of 187 amino acids including the first methionine with an isoelectric point (pI) of 9.59.

Gene evolution

Figure 1: Evolutionary lineage of vertebrate TNNI1 deduced from alignment of ssTnI amino acid sequences.

Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates, encoding three muscle type-specific isoforms of TnI.^[8][10][11] In mammals, the amino acid sequence of ssTnI is highly conserved. Mouse and bovine ssTnI each differs from human ssTnI in only four amino acids, and rhesus monkey ssTnI is identical to human in the amino acid sequences. In lower vertebrates, the divergence of ssTnI between species is larger than that in the higher vertebrates (Fig1).

Tissue distribution

Comparing with the fast twitch skeletal muscle and cardiac TnI isoform genes (TNNT2 and TNNT3), TNNI1 has a broader range of expression in avian and mammalian striated muscles. It is the predominant TnI isoform expressed in both slow skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in early embryonic stage.^[12] An isoform switch from ssTnI to cTnI occurs during perinatal heart development.^[12][13][14] ssTnI is not expressed in the embryonic hearts of Xenopus and zebrafish, while it is expressed in the somites and skeletal muscles.^[15][16]

Structure-function relationships

The function of TnI is to control striated muscle contraction and relaxation. Troponin I interacts with all major regulatory proteins in the sarcomeric thin filaments of cardiac and skeletal muscles: troponin C, troponin T, tropomyosin and actin. When cytosolic Ca²⁺ is low, TnI binds the thin filament to block the myosin binding sites on actin. The rise of cytosolic Ca²⁺ results in binding to the N-terminal domain of troponin C and induces conformational changes in troponin C and the troponin complex, which releases the inhibition of myosin-actin interaction and activates myosin ATPase and cross bridge cycling to generate myosin power strokes and muscle contraction.

To date, no high resolution structure of ssTnI has been solved. As homologous proteins, ssTnI, fast skeletal muscle TnI and cardiac TnI have highly conserved structures and crystallographic high resolution structure of partial cardiac and fast skeletal troponin complex are both available. Therefore, the structure-function relationship of ssTnI would rely on the information from studies performed on fast skeletal muscle and cardiac TnI.

Posttranslational modifications

To date, no posttranslational modification of ssTnI has been identified.

Mutations

To date, no human disease has been reported with mutations in TNNI1.

Clinical significance

Slow to fast skeletal TnI isoform switch occurs as an indicator for slow to fast fiber type transition in muscle adaptations.^[17] Slow skeletal TnI has been proposed as a sensitive and muscle fiber type-specific marker for skeletal muscle injuries.^[18][19] In patients with skeletal muscle disorders, intact ssTnI or its degraded products may be detected in peripheral blood as a diagnostic indicator for slow fiber damages.

Notes