Top Qs
Timeline
Chat
Perspective

TNNI3

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

TNNI3
Remove ads

Troponin I, cardiac muscle is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNNI3 gene.[5][6] It is a tissue-specific subtype of troponin I, which in turn is a part of the troponin complex.

Quick Facts Available structures, PDB ...

The TNNI3 gene encoding cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is located at 19q13.4 in the human chromosomal genome. Human cTnI is a 24 kDa protein consisting of 210 amino acids with isoelectric point (pI) of 9.87. cTnI is exclusively expressed in adult cardiac muscle.[7][8]

Remove ads

Gene evolution

Thumb
Figure 1: A phylogenetic tree is derived from alignment of amino acid sequences.

cTnI has diverged from the skeletal muscle isoforms of TnI (slow TnI and fast TnI) mainly with a unique N-terminal extension. The amino acid sequence of cTnI is strongly conserved among mammalian species (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the N-terminal extension of cTnI has significantly different structures among mammal, amphibian and fish.[8]

Remove ads

Tissue distribution

TNNI3 is expressed as a heart specific gene.[8] Early embryonic heart expresses solely slow skeletal muscle TnI. cTnI begins to express in mouse heart at approximately embryonic day 10, and the level gradually increases to one-half of the total amount of TnI in the cardiac muscle at birth.[9] cTnI completely replaces slow TnI in the mouse heart approximately 14 days after birth [10]

Protein structure

Based on in vitro structure-function relationship studies, the structure of cTnI can be divided into six functional segments:[11] a) a cardiac-specific N-terminal extension (residue 1–30) that is not present in fast TnI and slow TnI; b) an N-terminal region (residue 42–79) that binds the C domain of TnC; c) a TnT-binding region (residue 80–136); d) the inhibitory peptide (residue 128–147) that interacts with TnC and actin–tropomyosin; e) the switch or triggering region (residue 148–163) that binds the N domain of TnC; and f) the C-terminal mobile domain (residue 164–210) that binds actin–tropomyosin and is the most conserved segment highly similar among isoforms and across species. Partially crystal structure of human troponin has been determined.[12]

Posttranslational modifications

  1. Phosphorylation: cTnI was the first sarcomeric protein identified to be a substrate of PKA.[13] Phosphorylation of cTnI at Ser23/Ser24 under adrenergic stimulation enhances relaxation of cardiac muscle, which is critical to cardiac function especially at fast heart rate. Whereas PKA phosphorylation of Ser23/Ser24 decreases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and increases relaxation, phosphorylation of Ser42/Ser44 by PKC increases Ca2+ sensitivity and decreases cardiac muscle relaxation.[14] Ser5/Ser6, Tyr26, Thr31, Ser39, Thr51, Ser77, Thr78, Thr129, Thr143 and Ser150 are also phosphorylation sites in human cTnI.[15]
  2. O-linked GlcNAc modification: Studies on isolated cardiomyocytes found increased levels of O-GlcNAcylation of cardiac proteins in hearts with diabetic dysfunction.[16] Mass spectrometry identified Ser150 of mouse cTnI as an O-GlcNAcylation site, suggesting a potential role in regulating myocardial contractility.
  3. C-terminal truncation: The C-terminal end segment is the most conserved region of TnI.[17] As an allosteric structure regulated by Ca2+ in the troponin complex,[17][18][19] it binds and stabilizes the position of tropomyosin in low Ca2+ state[18][20] implicating a role in the inhibition of actomyosin ATPase. A deletion of the C-terminal 19 amino acids was found during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in Langendorff perfused rat hearts.[21] It was also seen in myocardial stunning in coronary bypass patients.[22] Over-expression of the C-terminal truncated cardiac TnI (cTnI1-192) in transgenic mouse heart resulted in a phenotype of myocardial stunning with systolic and diastolic dysfunctions.[23] Replacement of intact cTnI with cTnT1-192 in myofibrils and cardiomyocytes did not affect maximal tension development but decreased the rates of force redevelopment and relaxation.[24]
  4. Restrictive N-terminal truncation: The approximately 30 amino acids N-terminal extension of cTnI is an adult heart-specific structure.[25][26] The N-terminal extension contains the PKA phosphorylation sites Ser23/Ser24 and plays a role in modulating the overall molecular conformation and function of cTnI.[27] A restrictive N-terminal truncation of cTnI occurs at low levels in normal hearts of all vertebrate species examined including human and significantly increases in adaptation to hemodynamic stress[28] and Gsα deficiency-caused failing mouse hearts.[29] Distinct from the harmful C-terminal truncation, the restrictive N-terminal truncation of cTnI selectively removing the adult heart specific extension forms a regulatory mechanism in cardiac adaptation to physiological and pathological stress conditions.[30]
Remove ads

Pathologic mutations

Multiple mutations in cTnI have been found to cause cardiomyopathies.[31][32] cTnI mutations account for approximately 5% of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cases and to date, more than 20 myopathic mutations of cTnI have been characterized.[15]

Clinical implications

The half-life of cTnI in adult cardiomyocytes is estimated to be ~3.2 days and there is a pool of unassembled cardiac TnI in the cytoplasm.[33] Cardiac TnI is exclusively expressed in the myocardium and is thus a highly specific diagnostic marker for cardiac muscle injuries, and cTnI has been universally used as indicator for myocardial infarction.[34] An increased level of serum cTnI also independently predicts poor prognosis of critically ill patients in the absence of acute coronary syndrome.[35][36]

Remove ads

Notes

Remove ads

References

Further reading

Loading related searches...

Wikiwand - on

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

Remove ads