List of concurrent and parallel programming languages
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This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library (libraries such as the posix-thread library implement a parallel execution model but lack the syntax and grammar required to be a programming language).
The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.
Coordination languages
- CnC (Concurrent Collections)
- Glenda
- Linda coordination language
- Millipede
Dataflow programming
Distributed computing
Event-driven and hardware description
- Esterel (also synchronous)
- SystemC
- SystemVerilog
- Verilog
- Verilog-AMS - math modeling of continuous time systems
- VHDL
Functional programming
Logic programming
Monitor-based
Multi-threaded
Object-oriented programming
- Ada
- C*
- C#
- JavaScript
- TypeScript
- C++ AMP
- Charm++
- Cind
- D
- Eiffel Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming (SCOOP)
- Emerald
- Fortran – from ISO Fortran 2003 standard
- Java
- Join Java – has features from join-calculus
- LabVIEW
- ParaSail
- Python[3]
- Ruby
Partitioned global address space (PGAS)
- Chapel
- Coarray Fortran (included in standard/ISO Fortran since Fortran 2008, further extensions were added with the Fortran 2018 standard)
- Fortress
- High Performance Fortran
- Titanium
- Unified Parallel C
- X10
- ZPL
Message passing
- Ateji PX - An extension of Java with parallel primitives inspired from pi-calculus.
- Rust[4]
- Smalltalk[5]: p.17 Part IV, see table following fig. 11–29
Actor model
CSP-based
APIs/frameworks
These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.
- Apache Beam
- Apache Flink
- Apache Hadoop
- Apache Spark
- CUDA
- OpenCL
- OpenHMPP
- OpenMP for C, C++, and Fortran (shared memory and attached GPUs)
- Message Passing Interface for C, C++, and Fortran (distributed computing)
- SYCL
See also
References
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