Xong language

Xong
Xong
Xiangxi Miao
Dut Xonb
Pronunciation	[tu˥˧ɕõ˧˥]
Native to	China
Region	Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi and Chongqing
Ethnicity	Qo Xiong
Native speakers	~900,000 (2005)
Language family	Hmong–Mien Hmongic Core Hmongic Xong; ; ;
Dialects	Western (Xong proper); Eastern (Suang);
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; mmr – Western Xiangxi Miao; muq – Eastern Xiangxi Miao
Glottolog	nort2748

The Xong language (Dut Xonb [tu53 ɕõ35])^[2] is the northernmost Hmongic language, spoken in south-central China by around 0.9 million people. It is called Xiangxi Miaoyu (湘西苗语, "Western Hunan Miao") in Chinese, as well as Eastern Miao (东部苗语). In Western sources, it has been called Meo, Red Miao, and North Hmongic.^[3] An official alphabet was adopted in 1956.

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		Labial			Alveolar			Retroflex	(Alveolo-) palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
		plain	pal.	app.	plain	pal.	aff.	Retroflex	plain	aff.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Nasal	voiced	m	mʲ	mʴ	n			ɳ	ɲ		ŋ	ŋʷ
Nasal	aspirated	m̥ʰ			n̥ʰ
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p	pʲ	pʴ	t		ts	ʈ	c	tɕ	k	kʷ	q	qʷ
	aspirated	pʰ	pʲʰ	pʴʰ	tʰ		tsʰ	ʈʰ	cʰ	tɕʰ	kʰ	kʷʰ	qʰ	qʷʰ
	prenasal	ᵐp			ⁿt		ⁿts	ᶯʈ	ᶮc	ᶮtɕ	ᵑk	ᵑkʷ	ᶰq	ᶰqʷ
	prenasal asp.	ᵐpʰ		ᵐpʴʰ	ⁿtʰ		ⁿtsʰ	ᶯʈʰ	ᶮcʰ	ᶮtɕʰ	ᵑkʰ	ᵑkʷʰ	ᶰqʰ	ᶰqʷʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f			s			ʂ	ɕ						h	hʷ
Fricative	voiced							ʐ	ʑ
Approximant	voiced	w			l	lʲ
Approximant	aspirated				l̥ʰ	l̥ʲʰ

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		ɯ	u
Mid	e		ɤ	o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a	ɑ

p	⟨b⟩	pʰ	⟨p⟩	ᵐp	⟨nb⟩	mpʰ	⟨np⟩			m	⟨m⟩	m̥ʰ	⟨hm⟩
pʴ	⟨bl⟩	pɹʰ	⟨pl⟩			mpɹʰ	⟨npl⟩			mʴ	⟨ml⟩
t	⟨d⟩	tʰ	⟨t⟩	ⁿt	⟨nd⟩	ntʰ	⟨nt⟩	l̥ʰ	⟨hl⟩	n	⟨n⟩	n̥ʰ	⟨hn⟩
ts	⟨z⟩	tsʰ	⟨c⟩	ⁿts	⟨nz⟩	ntsʰ	⟨nc⟩	s	⟨s⟩	f	⟨f⟩
tɕ	⟨j⟩	tɕʰ	⟨q⟩	ᶮtɕ	⟨nj⟩	ntɕʰ	⟨nq⟩	ɕ	⟨x⟩	ʑ	⟨y⟩
ʈ	⟨zh⟩	ʈʰ	⟨ch⟩	ᶯʈ	⟨nzh⟩	ɳʈʰ	⟨nch⟩	ʂ	⟨sh⟩	ʐ	⟨r⟩	ɳ	⟨nh⟩
k	⟨g⟩	kʰ	⟨k⟩	ᵑk	⟨ngg⟩	ŋkʰ	⟨nk⟩
q	⟨gh⟩	qʰ	⟨kh⟩	ᶰq	⟨ngh⟩	ɴqʰ	⟨nkh⟩
w	⟨w⟩	h	⟨h⟩

		i	⟨i⟩	u	⟨u⟩
		iu	⟨iu⟩
ɑ	⟨a⟩	iɑ	⟨ia⟩	uɑ	⟨ua⟩
o	⟨o⟩	io	⟨io⟩
e	⟨e⟩	ie	⟨ie⟩	ue	⟨ue⟩
ei	⟨ei⟩			uei	⟨ui⟩
a	⟨ea⟩	ia	⟨iea⟩	ua	⟨uea⟩
ɔ	⟨ao⟩	iɔ	⟨iao⟩
ɤ	⟨eu⟩	iɤ	⟨ieu⟩	uɤ	⟨ueu⟩
ɯ	⟨ou⟩	iɯ	⟨iou⟩	uɯ	⟨uou⟩
ɛ	⟨an⟩	iɛ	⟨ian⟩	uɛ	⟨uan⟩
en	⟨en⟩	ien	⟨in⟩	uen	⟨un⟩
ɑŋ	⟨ang⟩	iɑŋ	⟨iang⟩	uɑŋ	⟨uang⟩
oŋ	⟨ong⟩	ioŋ	⟨iong⟩

Tone	IPA	Letter
high rising, 45	˦˥	⟨b⟩
low falling, 21	˨˩	⟨x⟩
high, 4	˦	⟨d⟩
low, 2	˨	⟨l⟩
high falling, 53	˥˧	⟨t⟩
falling, 42	˦˨	⟨s⟩

Xong language

Distribution

Classification

Phonology and script

References

Further reading

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