¨

See also: ◌̈́

◌̈ U+0308, ̈ COMBINING DIAERESIS ← ◌̇ [U+0307] Combining Diacritical Marks ◌̉ → [U+0309]

Character variations

¨ U+00A8, ¨ DIAERESIS ← § [U+00A7] Latin-1 Supplement © → [U+00A9]

Translingual

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. (mathematics, physics) The second time-differential. E.g. x (position), ẋ (velocity), ẍ (acceleration).
2. (IPA) A centralized vowel.
3. (NAPA) A front rounded vowel (e.g. ü ö ɔ̈) or a back unrounded vowel (e.g. ï ë ɛ̈).
4. (UPA) A front rounded vowel (e.g. ü ö ɔ̈ ä α̈).
5. (UPA) interdental (e.g. plosive ẗ, d̈).
6. (Teuthonista) Greater rounding of a vowel.

   Diacritic may be doubled for more rounding: ⟨ë̈⟩.

7. (ISO 233) Used with the letter ⟨ẗ⟩ to transcribe Arabic ⟨ة⟩.
8. (actuarial notation) Used to indicate that the payments occur at the beginning of a period.

   ä_n̅| ― n-year annuity-due

Usage notes

The spacing character U+00A8 is retained for compatibility with pre-Unicode encodings. It is equivalent to ◌̈ docked to a space, U+0020 (i.e. ⟨ ̈ ⟩), and there is no need for it in modern typography except to refer to itself.

Derived terms

• ⸚

English

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. (dated) Used to indicate that two identical vowels occur in separate morphemes and are pronounced separately: coöperate, reënter, reëstablish, noöne, reöpen.
2. Used to indicate that the marked vowel is the nucleus of its own syllable: Boötes, Brontë, Chloë, Zoë, (dated) aëroplane, aërial.
3. Retained in foreign (mostly French) loan words where vowels are pronounced separately: naïve (or naive), Noël (or Noel), but also for umlaut in German Götterdämmerung, Führer, and terms derived from given names, such as Möbius strip

Usage notes

This diacritic is called a trema, also a diaeresis (or dieresis) after its use in separating syllables, or an umlaut after its use in marking vowel change in German and similar orthographies.

In all cases apart from family names, usage is optional. For German loans, there is the additional option of replacing the umlaut with a digraph in e, e.g. Fuehrer.

⟨◌́⟩ is more commonly used to indicate that a final e is pronounced, e.g. animé, but in the case of a name like Chloe that might imply the wrong stress or vowel quality (e.g. spurious "kloh-AY" rather than "KLOH-ee").

Albanian

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. Used with the letter ⟨e⟩ to make ⟨ë⟩, which transcribes the sound [ə]

Ancient Greek

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called διαίρεσις (diaíresis, “division”) in Ancient Greek, and found on Ϊ/ϊ and Ϋ/ϋ. It is also known by the names διαλυτική (dialutikḗ, “severing”) or τρῆμα (trêma, “dots on a die”). It was used to indicate that the vowel letter ι (i) or υ (u) formed a separate syllable rather than a diphthong when written after another vowel letter.

See also

• (Greek-script letters) Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς, Τ τ, Υ υ, Φ φ, Χ χ, Ψ ψ, Ω ω
• (non-Classical letters) Ϝ (W) ϝ (w), Ͷ ͷ, Ͱ (H) ͱ (h), Ϻ (S) ϻ (s), Ϟ ϟ, Ϙ (Q) ϙ (q), Ͳ (S) ͳ (s)
• (punctuation) · ;
• (diacritics) ᾿ ῾ ◌́ ◌̀ ῀ ¨

Dutch

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called trema (“diaeresis”) in Dutch, and found on Ä/ä, Ë/ë, Ï/ï, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.
2. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called umlaut (“umlaut”) in Dutch, and found on Ä/ä, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.

Usage notes

The diaeresis is used to indicate that two vowels are to be pronounced separately as two syllables, rather than as a diphthong or single vowel. For example, geïnd (collected), reëel (realistic), zeeën (seas). In compound words, a hyphen - is used between the syllables instead. The same occurs when a word is hyphenated at the end of a line of print, e.g. ge-ind, re-eel, zee-en for the previous.

The umlaut is used only in words of German origin, such as föhn.

French

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. tréma; when placed above a letter, indicates that the vowel letter should be pronounced separately from a vowel letter next to it.

German

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called Umlaut (“umlaut”) in German, and found on Ä/ä, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.
2. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called Trema in German, and found on Ë/ë and Ï/ï.

Greek

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called διαλυτικά in Greek, and found on ί/ΐ/ϋ.

Hungarian

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called tréma (“trema”) in Hungarian, and found on Ö/ö and Ü/ü.

Ligurian

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called doî pónti or diêrexi (“two points” or “diaeresis”) in Ligurian, and found on Ö/ö.
   1. Used to denote stressed or unstressed /ɔː/

Portuguese

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. (obsolete) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called trema (“trema”) in Portuguese, and found on Ü/ü.

Usage notes

• Formerly used, in the letter u, formed ü, in the syllables qüe, qüi, güe and güi. In these syllables, the letter u without a trema would be silent; with the trema it would have the sound of the semivowel /w/.

Romani

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Romani, and found on Ä/ä, Ë/ë, Ï/ï, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.

References

• Marcel Courthiade (2009), “DECISION : "THE ROMANI ALPHABET"”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 499
• “Introduction 3. How to read Rromani”, in R.E.D-RROM‎, 2 October 2021 (last accessed)
• Yūsuke Sumi (2018), ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 16-17

Spanish

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called diéresis (“diaeresis”) in Spanish, and found on Ü/ü. Indicate that the 'u' is pronounced between a 'c' or 'g' and a vowel 'e' or 'i', as in Malagüez.

Tagalog

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. only used in ë: centralized vowel
2. (obsolete) Used to indicate that a vowel must be pronounced separately from the previous consonant such as in gabï (gab-i), butö (but-o)

Welsh

Diacritical mark

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called didolnod (“separation mark”) in Welsh, and found on Ä/ä, Ë/ë, Ï/ï, Ö/ö, Ü/ü, Ẅ/ẅ and Ÿ/ÿ.