aidier

Old French

Etymology

From Latin adiutāre (“help, assist”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (early) /ai̯ˈdjeːɾ/
• IPA^(key): (late) /ɛˈdjeːɾ/

Verb

aidier

1. (transitive) to help
   • c. 1170, Christian of Troyes, Yvain ou le Chevalier au lion:

     Et li leons, qui che esgarde,
     De li aidier plus ne se tarde[.]

     And the lion who was watching
     Did not wait any longer to help him.

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -ier, with a palatal stem. These verbs are conjugated mostly like verbs in -er, but there is an extra i before the e of some endings. This is an irregular verb with a stressed stem containing an extra syllable: aiu-. Early versions had the stressed stem aiuḍ-, this -ḍ- is the reason the second person singular subjunctive ends in -z. The alternative form of the third person singular subjunctive present aïst and other stems in aï- is rather a reflex from shortened Vulgar Latin *adiŭtet. It is cognate with Spanish ayudar and Italian aiutare. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of aidier (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		aidier			avoir aidié
gerund		en aidant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		aidant
past participle		aidié
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	aiu, aï	aiues, aïes	aiue, aïe	aidons	aidiez	aiuent, aïent
	imperfect	aidoie, aideie, aidoe, aidieve	aidoies, aideies, aidoes, aidieves	aidoit, aideit, aidot, aidieve	aidiiens, aidiens	aidiiez, aidiez	aidoient, aideient, aidoent, aidievent
	preterite	aidai	aidas	aida	aidames	aidastes	aidierent
	future	aiderai	aideras	aidera	aiderons	aideroiz, aidereiz, aiderez	aideront
	conditional	aideroie, aidereie	aideroies, aidereies	aideroit, aidereit	aideriiens, aideriens	aideriiez, aideriez	aideroient, aidereient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	aiu, aï	aiuz, aïz	aiut, aït, aïst, aïe	aidons	aidiez	aiuent, aïent
	imperfect	aidasse	aidasses	aidast	aidissons, aidissiens	aidissoiz, aidissez, aidissiez	aidassent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	aiue, aïe	—	aidons	aidiez	—

Derived terms

• se Dex m'aït (aït is the third-person singular of aidier, see above)

Descendants

• Middle French: ayder
  • French: aider
  • → Middle English: aiden, eiden
    • English: aid
    • Scots: aid
• Norman: aîdgi
• Picard: aidier
• → Franco-Provençal: aidier, aidar

References

• “Appendix E: Irregular Verbs” in E. Einhorn (1974), Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 149