benaid

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *binati (“to strike, hit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to strike”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbʲe.nəðʲ/
  • (Blasse) [ˈbʲe.nɪðʲ]
  • (Griffith) [ˈbʲe.nɨðʲ]

Verb

benaid (conjunct ·ben, verbal noun béim or bíth)

1. to hit, strike
   • c. 700–800, Táin Bó Cúailnge; published in Táin Bó Cúailnge. Recension I (1976, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Cecile O'Rahilly , TBC-I 1353:

     Bentai Cú Chulaind cona chlaidiub asa díb n-axalaib co torchair a étach de, ⁊ ní forbai ima chnes.

     Cú Chulainn struck him [Etarcomol] with his sword under his armpits so that his garments fell off of him, yet he did not cut into his skin.

   • c. 760, Blathmac mac Con Brettan, stanza 51; published in "A study of the lexicon of the poems of Blathmac Son of Cú Brettan" (2017; PhD thesis, National University of Ireland Maynooth), edited and with translations by Siobhán Barrett :

     Bíthi cloï tria chossa,   alaili tria bánbossa.

     Nails were driven through his feet, others through his white palms.

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 39^a19

     nu·n-ailte .i. no·mbethe son.

     that he be struck, i.e. that he be beaten.

Conjugation

Simple, class B IV present, reduplicated preterite, i future, a subjunctive

		active						passive
		singular			plural			singular	plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
present indicative	abs.	benaim	benai	benaid; bentai (with suffixed pronoun -i)			benait	benir, benair	bentair
	conj.	·rubaim (ro-form)		·ben			·benat	·benar	·bentar
	rel.			benas				benar
imperfect indicative				·benad			·bentais
preterite	abs.	béo		bí					bíthai
	conj.			·bí			·béotar	·bíth	·bítha
	rel.			bie
perfect	deut.			ro·bí			ro·béotar	ro·bíth	ro·bítha
	prot.	·ruba	·ruba	·rubai			·rubatar	·rubad
future	abs.	biu		bíthus (with suffixed pronoun -us)
	conj.	·biu							·biter
	rel.
conditional				·biad				·bithe
present subjunctive	abs.							bethir	betir
	conj.		·rubai (ro-form)	·bia				·bether; ·ruibther (ro-form)
	rel.
past subjunctive				·rubad (prototonic ro-form)			ro·betais (deuterotonic ro-form); ·rubaitis, ·rubtais (prototonic ro-form)	·bethae
imperative			ben	benad		benaid	benat	benar
verbal noun		béim; bíth
past participle		bíthe
verbal of necessity		bethi

Derived terms

• ar·díben
• do·fuiben
• do·immdiben
• do·rorban (“to hinder”)
• etir·diben
• for·ben
• fo·ben
• imm·díben
• ind·árban

Descendants

• Irish: bain

Mutation

Mutation of benaid

radical	lenition	nasalization
benaid	benaid pronounced with /βʲ-/	mbenaid

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “benaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Pedersen, Holger (1913), Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen [Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages] (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 461