castellum

English

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castellum

Wikipedia

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin castellum. Doublet of cashel, castell, castle, and château.

Noun

castellum (plural castella or castellums)

1. (historical) A small Roman detached fort or fortlet used as a watch tower or signal station.

Dutch

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin castellum. Doublet of kasteel, chateau, Kessel, Castilië, ketella, and telo.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

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Noun

castellum n (plural castella or castellums, diminutive castellumpje n)

1. (historical) castellum

Further reading

• castellum on the Dutch Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^nl

Latin

Etymology

From castrum (“fort”) +‎ -lum (diminutive suffix).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [kasˈtɛl.lũː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [kasˈt̪ɛl.lum]

Noun

castellum n (genitive castellī); second declension

1. castle, fort, citadel, fortress, stronghold
2. (figuratively) a shelter, stronghold, defence, refuge
3. a structure in which the water of an aqueduct is collected, to be distributed by pipes or channels in different directions; a reservoir

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

	singular	plural
nominative	castellum	castella
genitive	castellī	castellōrum
dative	castellō	castellīs
accusative	castellum	castella
ablative	castellō	castellīs
vocative	castellum	castella

Derived terms

• Castellum Menapiōrum
• castilium

Descendants

• Dalmatian: castial
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Franco-Provençal: châtél
  • Old French: chastel, castel (northern), chatel (late)
    • Angevin: châtiau
    • Bourguignon: chaîteâ
    • Champenois: châté (Troyen), châtiau (Troyen), tâté (Rémois)
    • Franc-Comtois: tchaîtiâ
    • Lorrain: tchestia
    • Middle French: chasteau, chastel
      • French: château
        • → Danish: chateau
        • → English: château, chateau
        • → Norwegian Bokmål: château, chateau
        • → Portuguese: chatô
        • → Russian: шато́ (šató)
        • → Turkish: şato
        • → Ukrainian: шато́ (šató)
    • Norman: câtel, câté, châté
    • Picard: câtieu, câtiau (Picardie, Nord-Pas-de-Calais)
    • Poitevin-Saintongeais: châtea
    • Walloon: tchestea
    • → Middle Dutch: casteel
      • Dutch: kasteel
        • Afrikaans: kasteel
        • Negerhollands: kastell
        • → Mahican: găstēnik
        • → Malay: kastil
          • Indonesian: kastel, kastil
        • → Papiamentu: kastel
        • → West Frisian: kastiel
      • Limburgish: kestieël
      • West Flemish: kastêel, kastjil
      • → Middle High German: kastēl
        • German: Kastell (partially)
    • → Middle English: castel, castell, castelle, castle, chastel
      • English: castle
        • → Tongan: kāsolo
      • Scots: castle
      • → Scottish Gaelic: caisteal
    • → Middle Irish: caistél
      • Irish: caistéal
      • Manx: cashtal
      • Scottish Gaelic: caisteal
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Aragonese: castiello
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: castelo
    • Fala: castelu
    • Galician: castelo
    • Portuguese: castelo (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Leonese: *castiellu
    • Asturian: castiellu
    • Extremaduran: castillu
    • Leonese: castiellu
    • Mirandese: castielho
  • Old Spanish: castiello
    • Ladino: kastilyo
    • Spanish: castillo (see there for further descendants)
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: casteddu
• Italo-Romance:
  • Corsican: castellu
  • Italian: castello
    • → Albanian: kështjellë, këshqel
    • →? Maltese: kastell
    • → Ottoman Turkish: قسطل (kastel), كستل (kestel)
      • Turkish: kastel
    • → Interlingua: castello
  • Neapolitan: castiello
  • Sicilian: casteḍḍu
• North Italian:
  • Friulian: cjiscjel, cjistiel, čhisčhel (alternative spelling)
  • Piedmontese: castel
  • Romagnol: castèl
  • Romansch: chastè, casti (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Surmiran)
  • Venetan: casteło, castel, casteo
  • → Hungarian: kastély
    • → Romanian: coștei
• Occitano-Romance:
  • Catalan: castell
    • → English: castell
    • → Spanish: castell
  • Gascon: castèth
  • Old Occitan: castel
    • Occitan:

      Auvergnat: chastèl

      Languedocien: castèl

      Provençal: castèu

      Vivaro-Alpine: chastèu

• → Romanian: castel
• → Albanian: kështjel, këshqel
• → Aramaic: קַסְטֵל (qasṭēl)
  • → Arabic: قَسْطَل (qasṭal)
• → Dutch: castellum (learned)
• → English: castellum (learned)
• → Old Irish: caisel
  • Irish: caiseal
    • → English: cashel
  • Scottish Gaelic: caiseal
• → Proto-Brythonic: *kastell (see there for further descendants)
• → Proto-West Germanic: *kastell (see there for further descendants)

References

• “castellum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “castellum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "castellum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “castellum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “castellum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “castellum”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly