cwa

See also: Cwa, CWA, and cwà

Translingual

Symbol

cwa

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Kabwa.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Kabwa terms

Athpare

Noun

cwa

1. water

References

• Karen H. Ebert, A grammar of Athpare (1997)

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-túa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃwa/

Verb

-cwa (infinitive okucwa) (transitive)

1. to break
2. to spit
3. to speak:
   1. to tell a proverb [with orufumo ‘proverb’]
   2. to give judgement [with omusango ‘fault, guilt’]

Conjugation

Conjugation of -cwa

infinitives affirmative okucwa negative okutacwa imperatives affirmative cwa negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms) tense polarity basic forms relative forms1 present habitual affirmative subject concord + -cwa person noun class singular plural first person ncwa tucwa second person ocwa mucwa third person 1/2 acwa bacwa 3/4 gucwa ecwa 5/6 licwa gacwa 7/8 kicwa bicwa 9/10 ecwa zicwa 11/10 rucwa 12/14 kacwa bucwa 13 — tucwa 14/6 bucwa gacwa 15/6 kucwa 16 hacwa — negative ti- + subject concord + -cwa person noun class singular plural first person tincwa titucwa second person tocwa timucwa third person 1/2 tacwa tibacwa 3/4 tigucwa tecwa 5/6 tiricwa tigacwa 7/8 tikicwa tibicwa 9/10 tecwa tizicwa 11/10 tirucwa 12/14 tikacwa tibucwa 13 — titucwa 14/6 tibucwa tigacwa 15/6 tikucwa 16 tihacwa — subject concord + -tacwa present continuous affirmative ni- + subject concord + -cwa person noun class singular plural first person nincwa nitucwa second person noocwa nimucwa third person 1/2 naacwa nibacwa 3/4 nigucwa neecwa 5/6 niricwa nigacwa 7/8 nikicwa nibicwa 9/10 neecwa nizicwa 11/10 nirucwa 12/14 nikacwa nibucwa 13 — nitucwa 14/6 nibucwa nigacwa 15/6 nikucwa 16 nihacwa — subject concord + -rukucwa negative ti- + subject concord + -rukucwa person noun class singular plural first person tindukucwa titurukucwa second person torukucwa timurukucwa third person 1/2 tarukucwa tibarukucwa 3/4 tigurukucwa terukucwa 5/6 tirirukucwa tigarukucwa 7/8 tikirukucwa tibirukucwa 9/10 terukucwa tizirukucwa 11/10 tirurukucwa 12/14 tikarukucwa tiburukucwa 13 — titurukucwa 14/6 tiburukucwa tigarukucwa 15/6 tikurukucwa 16 tiharukucwa — subject concord + -tarukucwa present continuative affirmative ni- + subject concord + -kyacwa person noun class singular plural first person ninkyacwa nitukyacwa second person nookyacwa nimukyacwa third person 1/2 naakyacwa nibakyacwa 3/4 nigukyacwa neekyacwa 5/6 nirikyacwa nigakyacwa 7/8 nikikyacwa nibikyacwa 9/10 neekyacwa nizikyacwa 11/10 nirukyacwa 12/14 nikakyacwa nibukyacwa 13 — nitukyacwa 14/6 nibukyacwa nigakyacwa 15/6 nikukyacwa 16 nihakyacwa — subject concord + -rukukyacwa negative ti- + subject concord + -kyacwa person noun class singular plural first person tinkyacwa titukyacwa second person tokyacwa timukyacwa third person 1/2 takyacwa tibakyacwa 3/4 tigukyacwa tekyacwa 5/6 tirikyacwa tigakyacwa 7/8 tikikyacwa tibikyacwa 9/10 tekyacwa tizikyacwa 11/10 tirukyacwa 12/14 tikakyacwa tibukyacwa 13 — titukyacwa 14/6 tibukyacwa tigakyacwa 15/6 tikukyacwa 16 tihakyacwa — subject concord + -takyacwa virtual present affirmative subject concord + -acwa person noun class singular plural first person nacwa twacwa second person wacwa mwacwa third person 1/2 yacwa baacwa 3/4 gwacwa yacwa 5/6 lyacwa gaacwa 7/8 kyacwa byacwa 9/10 yacwa zaacwa 11/10 rwacwa 12/14 kaacwa bwacwa 13 — twacwa 14/6 bwacwa gaacwa 15/6 kwacwa 16 haacwa — negative ti- + subject concord + acwa person noun class singular plural first person tinacwa titwacwa second person tiwacwa timwacwa third person 1/2 tiyacwa tibaacwa 3/4 tigwacwa tiyacwa 5/6 tiryacwa tigaacwa 7/8 tikyacwa tibyacwa 9/10 tiyacwa tizaacwa 11/10 tirwacwa 12/14 tikaacwa tibwacwa 13 — titwacwa 14/6 tibwacwa tigaacwa 15/6 tikwacwa 16 tihaacwa — subject concord + -taacwa present perfect affirmative subject concord + -cwire person noun class singular plural first person ncwire tucwire second person ocwire mucwire third person 1/2 acwire bacwire 3/4 gucwire ecwire 5/6 licwire gacwire 7/8 kicwire bicwire 9/10 ecwire zicwire 11/10 rucwire 12/14 kacwire bucwire 13 — tucwire 14/6 bucwire gacwire 15/6 kucwire 16 hacwire — negative ti- + subject concord + -cwire person noun class singular plural first person tincwire titucwire second person tocwire timucwire third person 1/2 tacwire tibacwire 3/4 tigucwire tecwire 5/6 tiricwire tigacwire 7/8 tikicwire tibicwire 9/10 tecwire tizicwire 11/10 tirucwire 12/14 tikacwire tibucwire 13 — titucwire 14/6 tibucwire tigacwire 15/6 tikucwire 16 tihacwire — subject concord + -tacwire near perfective affirmative subject concord + -akacwa person noun class singular plural first person nakacwa twakacwa second person wakacwa mwakacwa third person 1/2 yakacwa baakacwa 3/4 gwakacwa yakacwa 5/6 lyakacwa gaakacwa 7/8 kyakacwa byakacwa 9/10 yakacwa zaakacwa 11/10 rwakacwa 12/14 kaakacwa bwakacwa 13 — twakacwa 14/6 bwakacwa gaakacwa 15/6 kwakacwa 16 haakacwa — negative ti- + subject concord + -kacwire person noun class singular plural first person tinkacwire titukacwire second person tokacwire timukacwire third person 1/2 takacwire tibakacwire 3/4 tigukacwire tekacwire 5/6 tirikacwire tigakacwire 7/8 tikikacwire tibikacwire 9/10 tekacwire tizikacwire 11/10 tirukacwire 12/14 tikakacwire tibukacwire 13 — titukacwire 14/6 tibukacwire tigakacwire 15/6 tikukacwire 16 tihakacwire — subject concord + -takacwire near past affirmative subject concord + -cwirege person noun class singular plural first person ncwirege tucwirege second person ocwirege mucwirege third person 1/2 acwirege bacwirege 3/4 gucwirege ecwirege 5/6 licwirege gacwirege 7/8 kicwirege bicwirege 9/10 ecwirege zicwirege 11/10 rucwirege 12/14 kacwirege bucwirege 13 — tucwirege 14/6 bucwirege gacwirege 15/6 kucwirege 16 hacwirege — negative ti- + subject concord + -cwirege person noun class singular plural first person tincwirege titucwirege second person tocwirege timucwirege third person 1/2 tacwirege tibacwirege 3/4 tigucwirege tecwirege 5/6 tiricwirege tigacwirege 7/8 tikicwirege tibicwirege 9/10 tecwirege tizicwirege 11/10 tirucwirege 12/14 tikacwirege tibucwirege 13 — titucwirege 14/6 tibucwirege tigacwirege 15/6 tikucwirege 16 tihacwirege — subject concord + -tacwirege remote past affirmative subject concord + -kacwa person noun class singular plural first person nkacwa tukacwa second person okacwa mukacwa third person 1/2 akacwa bakacwa 3/4 gukacwa ekacwa 5/6 likacwa gakacwa 7/8 kikacwa bikacwa 9/10 ekacwa zikacwa 11/10 rukacwa 12/14 kakacwa bukacwa 13 — tukacwa 14/6 bukacwa gakacwa 15/6 kukacwa 16 hakacwa — subject concord + -acwire negative subject concord + -tacwe person noun class singular plural first person ntacwe tutacwe second person otacwe mutacwe third person 1/2 atacwe batacwe 3/4 gutacwe etacwe 5/6 litacwe gatacwe 7/8 kitacwe bitacwe 9/10 etacwe ziitacwe 11/10 rutacwe 12/14 katacwe butacwe 13 — tutacwe 14/6 butacwe gatacwe 15/6 kutacwe 16 hatacwe — subject concord + -taracwire experiential perfective affirmative subject concord + -racwire person noun class singular plural first person ndacwire turacwire second person oracwire muracwire third person 1/2 aracwire baracwire 3/4 guracwire eracwire 5/6 liracwire garacwire 7/8 kiracwire biracwire 9/10 eracwire ziracwire 11/10 ruracwire 12/14 karacwire buracwire 13 — turacwire 14/6 buracwire garacwire 15/6 kuracwire 16 haracwire — negative ti- + subject concord + -kacwaga person noun class singular plural first person tinkacwaga titukacwaga second person tokacwaga timukacwaga third person 1/2 takacwaga tibakacwaga 3/4 tigukacwaga tekacwaga 5/6 tirikacwaga tigakacwaga 7/8 tikikacwaga tibikacwaga 9/10 tekacwaga tizikacwaga 11/10 tirukacwaga 12/14 tikakacwaga tibukacwaga 13 — titukacwaga 14/6 tibukacwaga tigakacwaga 15/6 tikukacwaga 16 tihakacwaga — subject concord + -takacwaga cessative perfective affirmative subject concord + -aacwire person noun class singular plural first person naacwire twacwire second person waacwire mwacwire third person 1/2 yaacwire baacwire 3/4 gwacwire yaacwire 5/6 lyacwire gaacwire 7/8 kyacwire byacwire 9/10 yaacwire zaacwire 11/10 rwacwire 12/14 kaacwire bwacwire 13 — twacwire 14/6 bwacwire gaacwire 15/6 kwacwire 16 haacwire — past habitual affirmative subject concord + -acwaga person noun class singular plural first person nacwaga twacwaga second person wacwaga mwacwaga third person 1/2 yacwaga baacwaga 3/4 gwacwaga yacwaga 5/6 lyacwaga gaacwaga 7/8 kyacwaga byacwaga 9/10 yacwaga zaacwaga 11/10 rwacwaga 12/14 kaacwaga bwacwaga 13 — twacwaga 14/6 bwacwaga gaacwaga 15/6 kwacwaga 16 haacwaga — negative ti- + subject concord + acwaga person noun class singular plural first person tinacwaga titwacwaga second person tiwacwaga timwacwaga third person 1/2 tiyacwaga tibaacwaga 3/4 tigwacwaga tiyacwaga 5/6 tiryacwaga tigaacwaga 7/8 tikyacwaga tibyacwaga 9/10 tiyacwaga tizaacwaga 11/10 tirwacwaga 12/14 tikaacwaga tibwacwaga 13 — titwacwaga 14/6 tibwacwaga tigaacwaga 15/6 tikwacwaga 16 tihaacwaga — subject concord + -taacwaga near future affirmative subject concord + -raacwa person noun class singular plural first person ndaacwa turaacwa second person oraacwa muraacwa third person 1/2 araacwa baraacwa 3/4 guraacwa eraacwa 5/6 liraacwa garaacwa 7/8 kiraacwa biraacwa 9/10 eraacwa ziraacwa 11/10 ruraacwa 12/14 karaacwa buraacwa 13 — turaacwa 14/6 buraacwa garaacwa 15/6 kuraacwa 16 haraacwa — negative ti- + subject concord + -aacwe person noun class singular plural first person tinaacwe titwacwe second person tiwaacwe timwacwe third person 1/2 tiyaacwe tibaacwe 3/4 tigwacwe tiyaacwe 5/6 tiryacwe tigaacwe 7/8 tikyacwe tibyacwe 9/10 tiyaacwe tizaacwe 11/10 tirwacwe 12/14 tikaacwe tibwacwe 13 — titwacwe 14/6 tibwacwe tigaacwe 15/6 tikwacwe 16 tihaacwe — subject concord + -taacwe remote future affirmative subject concord + -licwa person noun class singular plural first person ndicwa tulicwa second person olicwa mulicwa third person 1/2 alicwa balicwa 3/4 gulicwa ericwa 5/6 liricwa galicwa 7/8 kiricwa biricwa 9/10 ericwa ziricwa 11/10 rulicwa 12/14 kalicwa bulicwa 13 — tulicwa 14/6 bulicwa galicwa 15/6 kulicwa 16 halicwa — negative ti- + subject concord + -licwa person noun class singular plural first person tindicwa titulicwa second person tolicwa timulicwa third person 1/2 talicwa tibalicwa 3/4 tigulicwa tericwa 5/6 tiriricwa tigalicwa 7/8 tikiricwa tibiricwa 9/10 tericwa tiziricwa 11/10 tirulicwa 12/14 tikalicwa tibulicwa 13 — titulicwa 14/6 tibulicwa tigalicwa 15/6 tikulicwa 16 tihalicwa — subject concord + -talicwa future habitual affirmative subject concord + -raacwaga person noun class singular plural first person ndaacwaga turaacwaga second person oraacwaga muraacwaga third person 1/2 araacwaga baraacwaga 3/4 guraacwaga eraacwaga 5/6 liraacwaga garaacwaga 7/8 kiraacwaga biraacwaga 9/10 eraacwaga ziraacwaga 11/10 ruraacwaga 12/14 karaacwaga buraacwaga 13 — turaacwaga 14/6 buraacwaga garaacwaga 15/6 kuraacwaga 16 haraacwaga — negative ti- + subject concord + -aacwege person noun class singular plural first person tinaacwege titwacwege second person tiwaacwege timwacwege third person 1/2 tiyaacwege tibaacwege 3/4 tigwacwege tiyaacwege 5/6 tiryacwege tigaacwege 7/8 tikyacwege tibyacwege 9/10 tiyaacwege tizaacwege 11/10 tirwacwege 12/14 tikaacwege tibwacwege 13 — titwacwege 14/6 tibwacwege tigaacwege 15/6 tikwacwege 16 tihaacwege — subject concord + -taacwege subjunctive affirmative subject concord + cwe person noun class singular plural first person ncwe tucwe second person ocwe mucwe third person 1/2 acwe bacwe 3/4 gucwe ecwe 5/6 licwe gacwe 7/8 kicwe bicwe 9/10 ecwe zicwe 11/10 rucwe 12/14 kacwe bucwe 13 — tucwe 14/6 bucwe gacwe 15/6 kucwe 16 hacwe — negative subject concord + -tacwa person noun class singular plural first person ntacwa tutacwa second person otacwa mutacwa third person 1/2 atacwa batacwa 3/4 gutacwa etacwa 5/6 litacwa gatacwa 7/8 kitacwa bitacwa 9/10 etacwa zitacwa 11/10 rutacwa 12/14 katacwa butacwa 13 — tutacwa 14/6 butacwa gatacwa 15/6 kutacwa 16 hatacwa — — subjunctive habitual affirmative subject concord + cwege person noun class singular plural first person ncwege tucwege second person ocwege mucwege third person 1/2 acwege bacwege 3/4 gucwege ecwege 5/6 licwege gacwege 7/8 kicwege bicwege 9/10 ecwege zicwege 11/10 rucwege 12/14 kacwege bucwege 13 — tucwege 14/6 bucwege gacwege 15/6 kucwege 16 hacwege — hypothetical affirmative subject concord + -aakucwa person noun class singular plural first person naakucwa twakucwa second person waakucwa mwakucwa third person 1/2 yaakucwa baakucwa 3/4 gwakucwa yaakucwa 5/6 lyakucwa gaakucwa 7/8 kyakucwa byakucwa 9/10 yaakucwa zaakucwa 11/10 rwakucwa 12/14 kaakucwa bwakucwa 13 — twakucwa 14/6 bwakucwa gaakucwa 15/6 kwakucwa 16 haakucwa — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakucwa person noun class singular plural first person tinaakucwa titwakucwa second person tiwaakucwa timwakucwa third person 1/2 tiyaakucwa tibaakucwa 3/4 tigwakucwa tiyaakucwa 5/6 tiryakucwa tigaakucwa 7/8 tikyakucwa tibyakucwa 9/10 tiyaakucwa tizaakucwa 11/10 tirwakucwa 12/14 tikaakucwa tibwakucwa 13 — titwakucwa 14/6 tibwakucwa tigaakucwa 15/6 tikwakucwa 16 tihaakucwa — subject concord + -taakucwa conditional affirmative subject concord + -aakucwire person noun class singular plural first person naakucwire twakucwire second person waakucwire mwakucwire third person 1/2 yaakucwire baakucwire 3/4 gwakucwire yaakucwire 5/6 lyakucwire gaakucwire 7/8 kyakucwire byakucwire 9/10 yaakucwire zaakucwire 11/10 rwakucwire 12/14 kaakucwire bwakucwire 13 — twakucwire 14/6 bwakucwire gaakucwire 15/6 kwakucwire 16 haakucwire — negative ti- + subject concord + -aakucwire person noun class singular plural first person tinaakucwire titwakucwire second person tiwaakucwire timwakucwire third person 1/2 tiyaakucwire tibaakucwire 3/4 tigwakucwire tiyaakucwire 5/6 tiryakucwire tigaakucwire 7/8 tikyakucwire tibyakucwire 9/10 tiyaakucwire tizaakucwire 11/10 tirwakucwire 12/14 tikaakucwire tibwakucwire 13 — titwakucwire 14/6 tibwakucwire tigaakucwire 15/6 tikwakucwire 16 tihaakucwire — subject concord + -taakucwire object concords person noun class singular plural first person -ncwa -tucwa second person -kucwa -bacwa third person 1/2 -mucwa 3/4 -gucwa -gicwa 5/6 -licwa -gacwa 7/8 -kicwa -bicwa 9/10 -gicwa -zicwa 11/10 -rucwa 12/14 -kacwa -bucwa 13 — -tucwa 14/6 -bucwa -gacwa 15/6 -kucwa 16 -hacwa —

¹ The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -cwera
  • Long causative: -cwisa
  • Passive: -cwibwa
  • Reduplicative: -cwacwana
  • Stative: -cweka
  • -mu clitic: -cwamu (“to decide, judge”)

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 247, 292
• Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎, Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 53
• Entry 3096 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
• Entry 4078 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3