refringo

Latin

Etymology

From re- +‎ frangō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [rɛˈfrɪŋ.ɡoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [reˈfriŋ.ɡo]

Verb

refringō (present infinitive refringere, perfect active refrēgī, supine refrāctum); third conjugation

1. to break up or open
2. (physics) to refract

Conjugation

   Conjugation of refringō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	refringō		refringis		refringit		refringimus		refringitis		refringunt
	imperfect	refringēbam		refringēbās		refringēbat		refringēbāmus		refringēbātis		refringēbant
	future	refringam		refringēs		refringet		refringēmus		refringētis		refringent
	perfect	refrēgī		refrēgistī		refrēgit		refrēgimus		refrēgistis		refrēgērunt, refrēgēre
	pluperfect	refrēgeram		refrēgerās		refrēgerat		refrēgerāmus		refrēgerātis		refrēgerant
	future perfect	refrēgerō		refrēgeris		refrēgerit		refrēgerimus		refrēgeritis		refrēgerint
passive	present	refringor		refringeris, refringere		refringitur		refringimur		refringiminī		refringuntur
	imperfect	refringēbar		refringēbāris, refringēbāre		refringēbātur		refringēbāmur		refringēbāminī		refringēbantur
	future	refringar		refringēris, refringēre		refringētur		refringēmur		refringēminī		refringentur
	perfect	refrāctus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	refrāctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	refrāctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	refringam		refringās		refringat		refringāmus		refringātis		refringant
	imperfect	refringerem		refringerēs		refringeret		refringerēmus		refringerētis		refringerent
	perfect	refrēgerim		refrēgerīs		refrēgerit		refrēgerīmus		refrēgerītis		refrēgerint
	pluperfect	refrēgissem		refrēgissēs		refrēgisset		refrēgissēmus		refrēgissētis		refrēgissent
passive	present	refringar		refringāris, refringāre		refringātur		refringāmur		refringāminī		refringantur
	imperfect	refringerer		refringerēris, refringerēre		refringerētur		refringerēmur		refringerēminī		refringerentur
	perfect	refrāctus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	refrāctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		refringe		—		—		refringite		—
	future	—		refringitō		refringitō		—		refringitōte		refringuntō
passive	present	—		refringere		—		—		refringiminī		—
	future	—		refringitor		refringitor		—		—		refringuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		refringere			refringī			refringēns			—
future		refrāctūrum esse			refrāctum īrī			refrāctūrus			refringendus, refringundus
perfect		refrēgisse			refrāctum esse			—			refrāctus
future perfect		—			refrāctum fore			—			—
perfect potential		refrāctūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		refringendī		refringendō		refringendum		refringendō		refrāctum		refrāctū

Descendants

• Through Vulgar Latin *refrangere:
  • Italo-Romance:
    • Italian: rifrangere
    • Sicilian: rifrànciri
  • Gallo-Romance:
    • Old French: refraindre
      • ⇒ French: refrain (see there for further descendants)
• Borrowings:
  • → Catalan: refringir
  • → English: refringe
  • → Spanish: refringir

References

• “refringo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “refringo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “refringo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to destroy a despotism, tyranny: dominationem or dominatum refringere
    
  • to break down the gates: portas refringere