Chile
Kasa Mai zaman kanta a kudancin America From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Chile, [1] a hukumance Jamhuriyar Chile,[2][3] ƙasa ce a yammacin Kudancin Amurka.[4][5][6] Ita ce kasa mafi kusa da kudanci a duniya kuma mafi kusa da Antarctica,[7][8][9] tana shimfida wani kunkuntar kasa tsakanin tsaunukan Andes da Tekun Pasifik.[10][11][12] Chile tana da yawan jama'a miliyan 17.5 kamar na sabuwar ƙidayar jama'a a cikin 2017 kuma tana da yanki na murabba'in murabba'in kilomita 756,102 (291,933 sq mi),[13][14][15] yana raba iyakoki tare da Peru zuwa arewa, Bolivia zuwa arewa maso gabas, Argentina zuwa gabas, da Drake Passage zuwa kudu. Kasar ta kuma mallaki tsibiran Pasifik da dama,[16][17][18] da suka hada da Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuras, da Easter Island, kuma tana da'awar kimanin murabba'in kilomita 1,250,000 (480,000 sq mi) na Antarctica a matsayin yankin Antarctic na Chile.[19][20][21] Babban birni kuma babban birnin Chile shine, babban birni kuma babban birni na Chile shine, Santiago.[22][23][24]
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Spain ta ci kuma ta mallaki yankin a tsakiyar karni na 16, ta maye gurbin mulkin Inca; duk da haka, sun kasa cin nasara kan ’yan kabilar Mapuche masu cin gashin kansu da suke zaune a yanzu kudu da tsakiyar Chile.[25][26][27] Chile ta fito a matsayin jumhuriya mai ƙarfi a cikin 1830s bayan ayyana 'yancin kai daga Spain a 1818.[28][29][30] A cikin karni na 19, Chile ta sami babban ci gaban tattalin arziki da yanki, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen juriyar Mapuche a cikin 1880s kuma ta sami yankin arewacinta na yanzu a yakin Pacific (1879-83)[31][32][33] ta hanyar cin nasara akan Peru da Bolivia. A cikin karni na 20, har zuwa 1970s, Chile ta gudanar da tsarin dimokuradiyya[34][35][36] kuma ta sami saurin haɓakar yawan jama'a da ƙauyuka,[37][38][39] yayin da take dogaro da ƙari ga fitarwa daga haƙar ma'adinai na tagulla don tallafawa tattalin arzikinta.[40][41][42][43] A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, kasar ta yi fama da mummunar tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa na hagu da dama, wanda ya kai ga juyin mulkin 1973 na Chile wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin Salvador Allende ta dimokiradiyya ta hagu.[44][45][46] Wannan ya biyo bayan mulkin kama-karya na soja na hannun dama na shekaru 16 a karkashin Augusto Pinochet, wanda aka yi Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1980 na Chile tare da shawarwari na Hukumar Ortúzar da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki da yawa,[47][48][49] kuma ya haifar da mutuwar fiye da 3,000 ko bacewar.[50][51][52] An kawo karshen mulkin a shekarar 1990, bayan zaben raba gardama a shekarar 1988, kuma kawancen hagu na tsakiya ya gaje shi, wanda ya mulki har zuwa 2010.[53][54][55]
Chile kasa ce mai karfin tattalin arziki kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi karfin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Kudancin Amurka.[56][57][58] Har ila yau, Chile ta yi aiki mai kyau a yankin dangane da dorewar kasa da ci gaban dimokuradiyya.[59][60][61] Chile memba ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), da Pacific Alliance, kuma ta shiga OECD a 2010.[62][63][64]
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Ilimin kalmomi
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da asalin kalmar Chile. A cewar masanin tarihin Spain na karni na 17 Diego de Rosales,[65][66][67] Incas ya kira kwarin Aconcagua Chili ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa na sunan wani shugaban kabilar Picunche (cacique)[68][69][70] da ake kira Tili, wanda ya mulki yankin a lokacin cin nasarar Incan a karni na 15.[71][72][73] Wata ka’idar kuma ta nuna kamanceceniya da kwarin Aconcagua da na kwarin Casma da ke Peru, inda akwai wani gari da kwarin mai suna Chili.[74][75][76]
Wasu ka'idoji sun ce Chile na iya samun sunanta daga kalmar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ma'ana ko dai 'ƙarshen duniya' ko 'gudun ruwa';[77][78][79] daga kalmar Mapuche chilli, wanda ke iya nufin 'inda ƙasar ta ƙare'"[80][81][82] ko daga Quechua chiri,[83][84][85] 'sanyi',[86][87][88] ko tchili, ma'ana 2 ko dai 'zurfin' 3'[89] Duniya".[90][91][92] Wani asalin da aka danganta ga chilli shine onomatopoeic cheele-cheele - kwaikwayon Mapuche na warble na tsuntsu wanda aka fi sani da trile.[93][94][95]
Masu cin nasara na Sipaniya sun ji labarin wannan sunan daga Incas, da kuma ƴan tsira daga balaguron farko na Mutanen Espanya na Diego de Almagro a kudu daga Peru a 1535-36 sun kira kansu "mazajen Chilli"[96][97][98] Daga qarshe, Almagro ana yaba shi da haɓaka sunan Chile, bayan sanya sunan kwarin Mapocho kamar haka.[99][100][101] An yi amfani da tsohuwar rubutun "Chili" a cikin Ingilishi har zuwa farkon karni na 20 kafin a canza zuwa "Chile"[102][103][104]
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Tarihi
Tarihin farko
Shaidun kayan aikin dutse sun nuna cewa mutane ba da jimawa ba suna yawan zuwa kwarin Monte Verde tsawon shekaru 18,500 da suka gabata.[105][106][107] Kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, ’yan asalin ƙasar da ke ƙaura sun zauna a cikin kwaruruka masu albarka da yankunan bakin teku na ƙasar Chile ta yau.[108][109][110] Wuraren zama daga wurin zama na ɗan adam sun haɗa da Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodón da Pali-Aike Crater's lava tube.[111][112][113]
Inkawa sun kara fadada daularsu a takaice zuwa yankin da ke arewacin Chile, amma Mapuche (ko Araucaniyawa kamar yadda Mutanen Espanya suka san su) sun yi nasarar tsayayya da yunƙurin da Masarautar Inca ta yi na murƙushe su, duk kuwa da rashin ƙungiyar ƙasa.[114][115][116] Sun yi yaƙi da Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui da sojojinsa. Sakamakon gumurzun da aka yi na kwanaki uku na zubar da jini da aka fi sani da Yakin Maule shi ne cewa nasarar da Inca ta yi wa yankunan Chile ya kare a kogin Maule.[117][118][119]
Masarautar Mutanen Espanya
A cikin 1520, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin kewaya duniya, Ferdinand Magellan ya gano hanyar kudanci da aka sanya masa suna (Mashigin Magellan)[120][121] don haka ya zama Bature na farko da ya taka ƙafa a ƙasar Chile a yanzu.[122][123][124] Turawa na gaba da zasu isa Chile sune Diego de Almagro da ƙungiyarsa na masu cin nasara na Spain, waɗanda suka zo daga Peru a 1535 suna neman zinariya.[125][126][127] Mutanen Espanya sun ci karo da al'adu daban-daban waɗanda suka tallafa wa kansu musamman ta hanyar ƙulla-ƙulle-ƙulle da noma da farauta.[128][129][130]
An fara cin nasara a Chile a cikin 1540 kuma Pedro de Valdivia, ɗaya daga cikin laftanar Francisco Pizarro, wanda ya kafa birnin Santiago a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1541.[131][132][133] Ko da yake Mutanen Espanya ba su sami zinariya da azurfa mai yawa da suke nema ba, sun gane yiwuwar noma na tsakiyar kwarin Chile, kuma Chile ta zama wani ɓangare na Daular Spain.[134][135][136]
An ci nasara a hankali, kuma Turawa sun sha fama da koma baya.[137][138][139] Wani gagarumin tashin hankalin Mapuche da ya fara a shekara ta 1553 ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar Valdivia da lalata da yawa daga cikin manyan matsugunan yankin.[140][141] An yi manyan tashe-tashen hankula a shekara ta 1598 da kuma a shekara ta 1655.[142][143][144] Duk lokacin da Mapuche da wasu ’yan ƙabilar suka yi tawaye, an kai iyakar kudancin ƙasar zuwa arewa.[145][146][147] An soke bautar da kambin Mutanen Espanya ya yi a shekara ta 1683 don sanin cewa bautar da Mapuche ya tsananta juriya fiye da yi musu biyayya.[148][148][149] Duk da haramcin sarauta, dangantaka ta kasance mai rauni daga ci gaba da tsangwama na mulkin mallaka.[150][151][152]
Yanke arewa ta hamada, kudu ta wurin Mapuche, zuwa gabas ta tsaunin Andes, zuwa yamma ta teku, Chile ta zama daya daga cikin manyan yankuna, yankuna masu kama da juna a cikin Amurkan Spain.[153][154][155] Yin hidima a matsayin wani shingen shingen kan iyaka, mulkin mallaka ya sami kansa tare da manufar hana mamaye Mapuche da maƙiyan Spain na Turai, musamman Ingilishi da Dutch.[156][157][158] Buccaneers da 'yan fashin teku sun yi barazana ga mulkin mallaka ban da Mapuche, kamar yadda Sir Francis Drake ya nuna a 1578 a Valparaíso, babban tashar jiragen ruwa.[159][160][161] Kasar Chile ta karbi bakuncin daya daga cikin manya-manyan dakaru a Amurka,[162][163] wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin mafi yawan sojojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen mallakar mallakar Mutanen Espanya, da kuma magudanar ruwa a taskar mataimakiyar gwamnatin Peru.[164][165][166]
Gwamnatin Agustín de Jáuregui ce ta gudanar da kidayar jama'a ta farko tsakanin 1777 da 1778; ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi mazauna 259,646: 73.5% na zuriyar Turai,[167][168][169] 7.9% mestizos, 8.6% 'yan asalin ƙasa da 9.8% baƙi.[170][171][172] Francisco Hurtado, gwamnan lardin Chiloé, ya gudanar da ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 1784 kuma ya gano cewa yawan jama'a ya ƙunshi mazauna 26,703, 64.4% daga cikinsu fararen fata ne kuma 33.5% daga cikinsu 'yan asali ne.[173][174][175] Diocese na Concepción ta gudanar da ƙidayar jama'a a yankunan kudancin kogin Maule a shekara ta 1812,[176][177][178] amma ba ta haɗa da 'yan asalin ƙasar ko mazauna lardin Chiloé ba.[179][180][181] An kiyasta yawan jama'a a 210,567, 86.1% daga cikinsu Mutanen Espanya ne ko kuma na Turai, 10% daga cikinsu 'yan asali ne kuma 3.7% na mestizos, baƙar fata da mulattos ne.[182][183][184]
Wani bincike na 2021 da Baten da Llorca-Jaña suka yi ya nuna cewa yankuna da ke da kaso mai yawa na bakin haure Arewacin Turai sun sami ci gaba cikin sauri ta fuskar ƙididdigewa,[185][186][187] koda kuwa yawan bakin hauren ya yi ƙanƙanta.[188][189][190] Wannan tasirin na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da abubuwan waje: jama'ar da ke kewaye sun ɗauki irin wannan hali kamar ƙaramin ƙungiyar baƙi ba ta Turai ba, kuma an ƙirƙiri sabbin makarantu.[191][192][193]
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Mulki
Arziki
Wasanni
Fannin tsarotsaro
Kimiya da Fasaha
Sifiri
Sifirin Jirgin Sama
Sifirin Jirgin Kasa
Al'adu
Mutane
Yaruka
Abinci
Tufafi
Ilimi
Addinai
Musulunci
Kiristanci
Hotuna
National Congress, Legislative Power
Comptroller General of Chile
Wani daji a cikin kasar Chile
Rafi mai kyau a kasar Chile
Lardin kasr Chile a hange daga sararin samaniya
Ziyaram kasar Chile a shekaran 1890
Ziyaram kasar Chile a shekaran 1890
University of La Frontera, Temuco
Manazarta
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