Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
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Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb at-Tamīmī (; Larabci: مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَبْدِ الوَهَّابِ التَّمِيْمِيُّ; 1703 Anhaifeshi ranaar 22 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1703 - 1792) ya kasance mai wa'azin Musulunci,[1] shugaban addini,[2] mai kawo sauyi,[3] mai fafutuka,[4] kuma masanin tauhidi[1][3] daga Najd a tsakiyar Larabawa, wanda ake ganinsa a matsayin babban wanda ya kafa kungiyar Wahabiyawa mai fafutuka.[1][3][5][6][7][8][9] Fitattun dalibansa sun hada da ‘ya’yansa Husayn, Abdullahi, Ali, da Ibrahim, da jikansa Abdur-Raḥman ibn Hasan, da surukinsa ‘Abdul-’Azīz ibn Muḥammad ibn Sa’ūd, Hammad ibn Nāṣir ibn Muʿammar, da kuma Ḥusayn āl-Ghannām.
Lakabin "Wahabiyya" ba mabiyansa ke da'awar ba amma ana aiki da su wajen suka.[2][10][11] An haife shi a gidan malaman fikihu, Ilimin farko na Ibn Abdulwahhab ya ƙunshi koyan ingantaccen tsarin koyarwa na fikihu bisa mazhabar Hanbali ta shari’ar Musulunci, wadda ita ce makarantar da ta fi yawa a yankin da aka haife shi. Ya inganta tsantsar riko da shari’ar Musulunci ta gargajiya, inda ya bayyana wajibcin komawa ga Al-Qur’ani da Hadisi kai tsaye maimakon dogaro da tafsirin tsakiyar zamani, sannan ya dage cewa kowane musulmi – mace da namiji – ya karanta kuma ya yi karatun Alkur’ani da kansa.[12] Ya yi adawa da taklidi (makafin bin) kuma ya yi kira da a yi amfani da ijtihadi (hanyoyin shari'a masu zaman kansu ta hanyar bincike na nassi).[13][14] Ya sami horo na farko a al'adar musulmin Sunna na gargajiya, Ibn Abdulwahhab a hankali ya zama mai adawa da yawancin mashahurai, amma duk da haka masu adawa da ayyukan addini kamar ziyarta da kuma girmama wuraren ibada da kaburburan waliyyai musulmi,[3][9][15] wanda ya ji kamar bidi'a ne. bidi'a ta addini ko ma bautar gumaka.[15][16] Kiransa na gyara zamantakewa a cikin al'umma ya dogara ne akan mahimmin akidar tauhidi ( kadaita Allah).[17][18]
Duk da cewa da yawa daga cikin manyan malaman musulmin Sunna na wannan zamani sun yi watsi da koyarwarsa da adawa da shi,[19][16][20] ciki har da mahaifinsa da dan uwansa,[19][20][21] Ibn AbdulWahhab ya kulla yarjejeniyar siyasa da addini da Muhammad bin Saud don taimaka masa wajen kafa Masarautar. Diriyah, kasa ta farko ta Saudiyya,[22][23] kuma ta fara kulla kawance da tsarin raba madafun iko a tsakanin iyalansu wanda har ya zuwa yau a kasar Saudiyya.[22][2][24] Al ash-Sheikh, babban gidan addini na Saudiyya, zuriyar Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ne,[2][24] kuma a tarihi sun jagoranci malamai a kasar Saudiyya,[24][25] inda suka mamaye cibiyoyin malamai na kasar.[24][26]
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Shekarun farko
An yarda da cewa Ibn Abdulwahhab an haife shi acikin shekara ta 1703[27] a cikin dangin Larabawa na Banu Tamim[28][29] da ke zaune a cikin Uyayna, ƙauye a yankin Najd a tsakiyar Arabiya.[27][30] Kafin bayyanarsa akwai takaitaccen tarihin ilimin Musulunci a yankin.[29][31] Don haka ne Ibn Abdulwahhab ya kasance yana da karancin damar samun ilimin Musulunci a lokacin kuruciyarsa.[29] Duk da haka,[29][32][33][34] yankin ya samar da wasu fitattun malaman fikihu na mazhabar Hanbali na fikihun Ahlus-Sunnah, wadda ita ce mazhabar shari'a da ta fi yin fice a yankin. Hasali ma, dangin Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab “sun samar da likitoci da yawa na makarantar,” tare da mahaifinsa, Sulayman b. Muhammad, kasancewarsa mai shari'a na Hanbali na Najd kuma kakansa, 'Abd al-Wahhab, kasancewarsa alkali a shari'ar Hanbali.
Ilimin farko na Ibn Abdulwahhab mahaifinsa ne ya koyar da shi, kuma ya kunshi karantar Alqur'ani da zuciya da kuma karanta matakin farko na fikihu na Hanbaliyya da tauhidin Musulunci kamar yadda ya zo a cikin ayyukan Ibn Qudamah (d. 1223), daya daga cikin malamai. mafi rinjayen wakilan makarantar Hanbali na tsakiyar zamanai, wadanda ayyukansu ana daukarsu "a matsayin suna da babban iko" a cikin Najd. Kamar yadda girmama waliyyai musulmi da imani da ikonsu na iya yin mu'ujizozi cikin yardar Allah ya zama daya daga cikin mafi girman al'amuran musulmi na Sunna a ko'ina a fadin duniyar musulmi, kasancewar wani tsarin imani da aka yi ittifaqi a kansa ta hanyar yardar Allah. mafi rinjayen malamai na gargajiya,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41] ba a dade ba Ibn Abdul-Wahhab ya fara cin karo da kasancewar waliyyai a yankinsa ma; kuma kila ya zabi ya bar Najd ya leka wani waje domin nazari don ganin ko girmama waliyai ya shahara a makwaftan kasashen musulmi ko kuma yiwuwar garinsa ya ba da isassun kayayyakin ilimi. A yau ma ba a san dalilin da ya sa ya bar Najd ba.
Bayan barin Uyayna, Ibn Abdulwahhab ya gudanar da babban Hajjin a Makka, inda malamai suka yi nuni da cewa suna da ra'ayi da koyarwar da ba ta so a gare shi. Bayan haka, ya tafi Madina, zaman da aka yi da alama ya kasance "hukunce-hukunce wajen tsara alkiblar tunaninsa." A Madina, ya hadu da wani malamin tauhidin Hanbaliyya daga Najd mai suna ‘Abd Allāh ibn Ibrahim al-Najdi, wanda ya kasance mai goyon bayan ayyukan Neo-Hanbali na Ibn Taimiyyah (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1328), malamin da ke da cece-kuce a tsakani wanda aka yi la’akari da koyarwarsa heterodox. ɓatar da muhimman abubuwa da dama daga mafi rinjayen malaman musulmi na Sunna har zuwa wannan lokaci a tarihi.[42][43][44]
Malamin Ibn Abdulwahhab Abdallah bn Ibrahim bn Sayf, ya gabatar da matashin dan kadan ga Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi a Madina, wanda ya kasance a cikin tsarin Naqshbandi (tariqa) na Sufanci,[45][46] kuma ya ba shi shawara a matsayin dalibi.[47][48][49] Muhammad Ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab da al-Sindhi sun sami kusanci sosai, kuma Ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab ya zauna tare da shi na wani lokaci.[47] Muhammad Hayya ya kuma koya wa Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab ƙin ƙin ayyukan addini da suka shahara da waliyyai da kaburburansu waɗanda suka yi kama da koyarwar Wahabiyawa daga baya.[47] Bayan karatunsa na farko a Madina, Ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab ya yi balaguro zuwa wajen yankin Larabawa, inda ya fara zuwa Basra[50] wanda har yanzu cibiyar al'adun Musulunci ce.
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Ayyuka
- Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā'idatuhu
- Kitab al-Qur'an (littafin Allah)
- Kitab at-Tawhid (Littafin kadaita Allah)
- Kashf ush-Shubuhaat (bayanin shakku)
- Al-Usool-uth-Thalaatha (Ka'idoji Uku Na Musamman)
- Al Qawaaid Al-Arbaa (Tushen Hudu)
- Al-Usool us Sittah (Ka'idoji Shida Na Mahimmanci)
- Nawaaqid al-Islam (Masu warware Musulunci)
- Adab al-Mashy Ila as-Salaa (Hanyoyin Tafiya zuwa Sallah)
- Usul al-Iman (Tushen Imani)
- Fada'il al-Islam (Kyawawan halaye na Musulunci)
- Fada'il Qur'an (Madalla da falalar Alqur'ani)
- Majmu'a al-Hadith 'Ala Abwab al-Fiqh (Tsarin Hadisin akan Manyan Maudu'ai na Fiqhu).
- Mukhtasar al-Iman (Rage Imani; i.e. a takaice sigar wani aiki akan Imani)
- Mukhtasar al-Insaf wa'l-Sharh al-Kabir (Rage Daidaito da Babban Bayani)
- Mukhtasar Seerat ar-Rasul (Takaitaccen Tarihin Annabi)
- Kitaabu l-Kabaair (Littafin Manyan Zunubai)
- Kitabu l-Imaan (Littafin Aminci)
- Al-Radd 'ala al-Rafida (Karyata Masu Karyata)
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Manazarta
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