Prag
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Prag ko Purag (da harshen Cek: Praha; da Turanci, da Faransanci: Prague) shi ne babban birnin kasar Jamhuriyar Czech. Yawan na birnin fiye da mutane miliyan ɗaya. Prague ne mafi girma a birnin a Jamhuriyar Czech. Wannan birni ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kasuwanci, al’adu da yawon shakatawa cibiyoyin a Tsakiyar Turai. Prag na akan kogin Vltava ne.
Prague birni ne na tarihi tare da Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance da gine-ginen Baroque. Ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Bohemia kuma mazaunin sarakunan Romawa masu tsarki da yawa, musamman Charles IV (r. 1346–1378) da Rudolf II (r. 1575–1611).[1]Birni ne mai mahimmanci ga masarautar Habsburg da Austria-Hungary. Birnin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Bohemian da sauye-sauyen Furotesta, Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin da kuma a cikin tarihi na ƙarni na 20 a matsayin babban birnin Czechoslovakia tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya da zamanin Kwaminisanci bayan yaƙi.[2] Prague gida ne ga al'adun al'adu da dama da suka hada da Prague Castle, Charles Bridge, Old Town Square tare da agogon astronomical Prague, Quarter Yahudawa, Dutsen Petřín da Vyšehrad. Tun 1992, cibiyar tarihi ta Prague ta kasance cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO.
Garin yana da manyan gidajen tarihi sama da goma, tare da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, gidajen tarihi, sinima, da sauran abubuwan tarihi. Babban tsarin sufurin jama'a na zamani ya haɗa birnin. Gida ce ga makarantu da yawa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, gami da Jami'ar Charles a Prague, jami'a mafi tsufa a Turai ta Tsakiya.
An rarraba Prague a matsayin "Beta+" birni na duniya bisa ga binciken GaWC.[3]A cikin 2019, Fihirisar PICSA ta sanya birnin a matsayin birni na 13 mafi kyawun rayuwa a duniya.[4]Babban tarihinta ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido kuma tun daga 2017, birnin yana karɓar baƙi sama da miliyan 8.5 na duniya kowace shekara. A cikin 2017, an jera Prague a matsayin birni na biyar da aka fi ziyarta a Turai bayan London, Paris, Rome, da Istanbul.[5]
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Hotuna
Wenceslas Square, postcard, end of 19th century, view from Mustek, Prag.
Hasumiyar gidan talabijin na Zizkov Prag
Monument to Jan Žižka and mausoleum of Klement Gottwald, Prag
St Venceslas, detail, Prag
Sunanta
Duba kuma: Sunayen garuruwan Turai a cikin yaruka daban-daban (M–P) § P Sunan Czech Praha ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Slavic, práh, wanda ke nufin "ford" ko "sauri", yana nufin asalin birnin a mashigar kogin Vltava.[6]
Wani ra'ayi game da asalin sunan kuma yana da alaƙa da kalmar Czech práh (tare da ma'anar ƙofa) kuma ƙa'idar almara ta haɗu da sunan birnin tare da gimbiya Libuše, annabiya da matar wanda ya kafa daular Přemyslid. An ce ta ba da umarnin "a gina birnin inda mutum ya ke saran kofar gidansa". Don haka ana iya fahimtar Czech práh yana nufin Rapids ko mashigai a cikin kogin, wanda gefensa zai iya zama hanyar keɓance kogin - don haka yana ba da "kofa" zuwa gidan. An ba da shawarar wani sunan Praha daga na prazě, asalin kalmar dutsen dutsen shale wanda aka gina ainihin katafaren ginin. A wancan lokacin, ginin yana kewaye da gandun daji, wanda ya rufe tuddai tara na birnin nan gaba - Tsohon Garin da ke gefen kogin, da kuma Karamin Gari da ke ƙarƙashin ginin da ake da shi, ya bayyana ne daga baya.[7]
Harafin Turanci na sunan birni an aro shi ne daga Faransanci. A cikin ƙarni na 19th da farkon 20th an furta shi da Ingilishi don yin waƙa da "marasa kyau": Lady Diana Cooper (an haife shi 1892) ne ya furta haka a kan Desert Island Discs a cikin 1969, [8] kuma an rubuta shi zuwa rhyme tare da "marasa kyau" a cikin ayar The Beleaguered da kuma Longfellow City (18 Longfellow) na Prague na Edward Lear (1846). Ana kuma kiran Prague "Birnin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙira", bisa ƙidayar da masanin lissafin karni na 19 Bernard Bolzano ya yi; Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Prague ta kiyasta adadin na yau a 500.[9] Laƙabi na Prague kuma sun haɗa da: Birnin Zinariya, Uwar Birane da Zuciyar Turai.[10]
Al'ummar Yahudawa na gida, wanda na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin da ke ci gaba da kasancewa a duniya, sun bayyana birnin a matsayin עיר ואם בישראל Ir va-em be-yisrael, "Birni da uwa a Isra'ila" [11][12]
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Tarihi
Babban labarin: Tarihin Prague Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na Prague. Prague ya girma daga ƙauyen da ke shimfiɗa daga Prague Castle a arewa zuwa katangar Vyšehrad a kudu, ya zama babban birnin ƙasar Turai ta zamani. Tare da ajiyar kayan tarihi sama da 10m mai zurfi, birnin ya zama abin koyi don aiwatar da cikakkun ka'idoji don kare kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech.[13]
Tarihin farko
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