Sumatra

Sumatra^{[lower-alpha 1]} (/sʊˈmɑːtrə/) western Indonesia ke Sunda Islands ke ek island hae. Ii sab se barraa island hae jon puura Indonesia ke territory hae, aur dunia ke 6th sab se barraa island hae , jiske area 482,286.55 km² (182,812 mi.²) hae.

Sumatra

Sumatra ke Topography
Sumatra ke jagha, Indonesian Archipelago me
Geography
Location	Southeast Asia
Coordinates	00°N 102°E
Archipelago	Indonesian Archipelago Greater Sunda Islands
Area	482,286.55 km2 (190,000 sq mi)
Highest elevation	3,805 m (12484 ft)
Highest point	Kerinci
Administration
Indonesia
Provinces	Aceh North Sumatra West Sumatra Riau Riau Islands Jambi Bengkulu South Sumatra Lampung Bangka Belitung
Largest settlement	Medan (pop. 2,097,610)
Demographics
Population	60,795,669 (mid 2023 estimate)
Pop. density	126/km2 (326/sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Acehnese, Batak, Gayonese, Lampung,Malay, Nuwi, Mentawai, Minangkabau, Nias, Palembang, Rejang, Chinese, Indian, Javanese, Sundanese
Additional information
Time zone	Indonesia Western Time (UTC+7)

Sumatra ek lambaa island hae jiske diagonal ke northwest–southeast axis hae. Indian Ocean island ke northwest, west, aur southwest coasts ke border kare hae. Northeast me, patraa Strait of Malacca hae, jon island ke Malay Peninsula se separate kare hae. Southeast me, patra Sunda Strait hae, jisme Krakatoa archipelago hae, aur ii Sumatra, Java se separate kare hae. Sumatra ke northern tip Andaman Islands ke lage hae, jab southeastern coast ke lage Bangka aur Belitung islands, Karimata Strait aurJava Sea hae. Bukit Barisan mountains, jisme dher active jwaala mukhi hae, island ke backbone hae, jab northeastern area me barraa plains aur lowlands jisme swamps, mangrove forest aur complex river systems hae. Ii island ke equator iske centre me cross kare hae. Ii island ke mausam tropical hae, garam, aur humid. Dher tropical rain forest ek dafe ii island ke landscape ke dominate karat rahin.

Sumatra me dher rakam ke paudhaa aur and jaanwar hae lekin ii aapan 50% tropical rainforest ke last 35 saal me koe diis hae. Dher jaanwar abhi critically endangered hae, jaise ki Sumatran ground cuckoo, Sumatran tiger, Sumatran elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros, aur Sumatran orangutan. Deforestation ke kaaran serious seasonal smoke haze parrosi des me faile hae. jiske kaaran Indoneasia aur Malaysia aur Singapore me tanao barrhaa hae.^[2] Jaada deforestation aur duusra environmental destruction ke academics log ecocide bol ke describe karin hae..^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

1. The Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that Sumatra is the correct spelling in Indonesian;^[1] however, it is popularly and legislatively spelled in Indonesian as Sumatera.

1. "Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring" [Entry for "Sumatra" in the online version of the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia]. kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
2. Shadbolt, Peter. "Singapore Chokes on Haze as Sumatran Forest Fires Rage", CNN, 21 June 2013.
3. "Forensic Architecture". forensic-architecture.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
4. "Explainer: What is ecocide?". Eco-Business (in English). 2022-08-04. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
5. Aida, Melly; Tahar, Abdul Muthalib; Davey, Orima (2023), Perdana, Ryzal; Putrawan, Gede Eka; Saputra, Bayu; Septiawan, Trio Yuda (eds.), "Ecocide in the International Law: Integration Between Environmental Rights and International Crime and Its Implementation in Indonesia", Proceedings of the 3rd Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2022), Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (in English), Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 740, pp. 572–584, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-046-6_57, ISBN 978-2-38476-045-9
6. Alberro, Heather; Daniele, Luigi (2021-06-29). "Ecocide: why establishing a new international crime would be a step towards interspecies justice". The Conversation (in English). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
7. Setiyono, Joko; Natalis, Aga (2021-12-30). "Ecocides as a Serious Human Rights Violation: A Study on the Case of River Pollution by the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia" (in en). International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16 (8): 1465–1471. doi:10.18280/ijsdp.160807. ISSN 1743-7601.