Quercus

Quercus es un genere de arbores, le quercos. Le genere contine centenas de species in America del Nord, Eurasia e Africa del Nord.^[2] Illos son characterisate per lor semine in forma de glande tenite in un cupula e dispergite per animales.

Wikipedia:Uso de taxobox Quercus Rango fossile: Paleocene-Eocene limita – presente preꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Folios e glandes de Quercus robur.
Classification scientific
Dominio: Eukaryota Regno: Plantae Superdivision: Embryophyta Division: Tracheophyta Subdivision: Spermophyta Superclasse: Angiospermae Classe: Eudicotyledoneae Legion: Rosidae Ordine: Fagales Familia: Fagaceae Subfamilia: Quercoideae
Genere
Quercus L.
Typo specie
Quercus robur L.
Subgeneres e sectiones:
Quercus subg. Cerris Q. sect. Cerris Q. sect. Cyclobalanopsis Q. sect. Ilex Quercus subg. Quercus Q. sect. Lobatae Q. sect. Ponticae Q. sect. Protobalanus Q. sect. Quercus Q. sect. Virentes

Geographic repartition del quercos.
Rubie: Nord American.^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Rose: Central American.^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Jalne: European.^{[lower-alpha 3]}
Verde: West/Central Asian.^{[lower-alpha 4]}
Turchese: Sudest Asian.^{[lower-alpha 5]}
Blau: Est Asian.^{[lower-alpha 6][1]}

Gustave Courbet (1843)

Evolution

Le genere Quercus esseva native del hemispherio Nord. Le plus ancian fossile, datate de circa 54 Ma, es trovate in Oregon e presenta affinitates con le actual section Cyclobalanopsis.

Le duo (sub)generes Quercus e Cerris se differentiava circa 56 Ma retro e le diversification del acrogruppo del subg. Quercus comencia 52 Ma retro.^[3]

Classification

Subtaxones

Le genere se subdivide classicamente in duo subgenere e octo sectiones:^[4]

• Subgenere Quercus – Le clado del Nove Mundo, principalmente native de Nord America
  • Section Lobatae Loudon – Quercos rubie (Nord America)
  • Section Protobalanus (Trelease) O.Schwarz – Nord American quercos intermedie
  • Section Ponticae Stef. – con un distribution disjungite in West Eurasia e west de Nord America
  • Section Virentes Loudon – Semperverde quercos del sud de Nord America
  • Section Quercus – Quercos blanc (Nord America e Eurasia)
• Subgenere Cerris Oerst. – Le clado del Ancian Mundo (o medie-latitude clado), exclusivemente native de Eurasia
  • Section Cyclobalanopsis Oerst. – Quercos con annular cupula (Est Asia)
  • Section Cerris Dumort. – Cerris de subtropical e temperate Eurasia e Nord Africa
  • Section Ilex Loudon – Semperverde quercos de tropical e subtropical Eurasia e Nord Africa

Numero de species

Se distingue usque circa 500 species de quercos. In 1993, Nixon numerava inter 394 e 448 species.^[5] Ma le differente species de quercos son interfertile e se observa un importante phenomeno de introgressive hybridation (en) que pote render difficile le differentiation del species. Alcun autores ha suggerite de reducer iste numero.^[6]

Phylogenia interne

Secundo Hipp et al. (2019) le cladogramma interne confirma le presentia de due clados correspondente al due subgeneres^[3] ma le studios de phylogenia molecular de nivello Fagaceae indica que illos son cladisticamente in position polyphyletic, ante le clado {Castanopsis + Castanea}^[7] e con le nove genere Notholithocarpus^[8] in position intermedie inter illos. In consequentia le due subgeneres deberea esser elevate al rango de genere.

Quercus  sect. Lobatae  Agrifoliae Palustres Coccineae (Rubrae) Phellos (Laurifoliae) Texas quercos rubie Erythromexicana  sect. Protobalanus  sect. Ponticae sect. Virentes  sect. Quercus  Dumosae Prinoideae Albae Roburoidea Stellatae Texas quercos blanc Leucomexicanae [genere Notholithocarpus] Cerris  sect. Cyclobalanopsis  CTB lineaje Cyclobalanoides Glauca Acuta Semiserrata sect. Cerris  Est Asian Cerris West Eurasian Cerris sect. Ilex Primodivergente Ilex Est Asian Ilex Himalaya-Mediterranean Himalayan subalpin  [...]

Description

Le quercos son species clave de arbores tipic del forestes humide e temperate de America, Eurasia e Nord-Africa.

Notas

1. Le sectiones de Nord America son Protobalanus, Lobatae, Ponticae, Quercus e Virentes.
2. Le sectiones de Central America son Virentes, Quercus e Lobatae
3. Le sectiones de Europa son Quercus, Cerris e Ilex.
4. Le sectiones de West/Central Asia son Ponticae, Quercus, Cerris e Ilex.
5. Le sectiones de Sudest Asia son Quercus, Cyclobalanopsis, Cerris e Ilex.
6. Le sectiones de Est Asia son Quercus, Cerris, Ilex eCyclobalanopsis.

Referentias

1. "Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal Widespread Gene Flow During the Early Radiation of Oaks and Relatives (Fagaceae: Quercoideae)" (2023-04-28). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. doi:10.1101/2023.04.25.538215.
2. Eoearth.org
3. "Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny" (2019-10-14). New Phytologist 226 (4): 1198–1212. doi:10.1111/nph.16162. PMID 31609470.
4. "Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L" (2017) 7: 13–38. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2.
5. NIXONK.C., 1993 – Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names. Ann. Sci. For. 50 (supp. 1), 25s-40s.
6. Filippo BUSSOTTI et Paolo GROSSONI (1998). "Des problèmes dans la classification des chênes Taxonomie en Europe et région méditerranéenne".
7. "Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene" (2014). Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 16 (3): 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001. Bibcode: 2014PPEES..16..101X.
8. "Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of the paleoendemic Fagaceae of Western North America: recognition of a new genus, Notholithocarpus" (2008). Madroño 55 (3): 181–190. doi:10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.181.