Graeci antiqui multas urbes (Graeceπόλις) cognoverant, quorum notissimae erant Athenae, Corynthus, Sparta, Thebae. Apud Romanos per multas aetates, urbs non addito nomine solum Romam, caput imperii, significabat.[3] Vide exempli gratia dictum "ab urbe condita." Roma ipsa erat prima mundi urbs cuius incolarum numerum millionis adaequabat.
Eo quidem sensu, ut de Roma moenibus cincta diceretur. Cavendum est, ne discrimen certum neglegatur, quod in digestis (50,16,87) constitutum est: Ut Alfenus ait, urbs est Roma, quae muro cingeretur; Roma est etiam, qua continentia aedificia essent: nam Romam non muro tenus existimari ex consuetudine cotidiana posse intellegi, cum diceremus Romam nos ire, etiamsi extra urbem habitamus.
Bairoch, Paul. 1988. Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226034658.
Chandler, T. 1987. Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston Novi Eboraci: Edwin Mellen Press.
Jacobs, Jane. 1969. The Economy of Cities. Novi Eboraci: Random House.
Kemp, Roger L. 2007. Managing America's Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity. Jefferson Carolinae Septentrionalis: McFarland and Company. ISBN 9780786431519.
Kemp, Roger L. How American Governments Work: A Handbook of City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Operations. Jefferson Carolinae Septentrionalis: McFarland and Company. ISBN 9780786431526.
Monti, Daniel J., Jr. 1999. The American City: A Social and Cultural History. Oxoniae Angliae et Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 9781557869180.
O'Flaherty, Brendan. 2005. City Economics. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674019180.
Pacione, Michael. 2001. The City: Critical Concepts in The Social Sciences. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0415252709.
Reader, John. 2005. Cities. Novi Eboraci: Vintage.
Robson, William A., et D. E. Regan, eds. 1972. Great Cities of the World: their government, politics and planning. Ed. 3a. Londinii: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 0043500242.
Rybczynski, Witold. 1995. City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World. Novi Eboraci: Scribner. ISBN 0684813025.
Smith, Michael E. 2002. "The Earliest Cities." In Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology, ed. George Gmelch et Walter Zenner, pp. 3–19. Ed. 4a. Prospect Heights Illinoesiae: Waveland Press.
Thernstrom, S., et R. Sennett, eds. 1969. Nineteenth-Century Cities.
Toynbee, Arnold J., ed.1967. Cities of Destiny. Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill.
