Windows NT

Windows NT is a series of Microsoft's Windows operating systems written in the C and C++ programming languages.^[2][3] They were the first to use their new 'NT' (New Technology) core. That means it had a brand new core to do more things than the MS-DOS-based one that they used in older versions of Windows. Also, it was more secure and crashed less. Windows NT 3.1 was released as alpha versions in 1991-1992 and beta versions in 1993.

Windows NT

Developer	Microsoft
Written in	C, C++, and Assembly language[1]
Working state	Current
Source model	Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release	July 27, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-07-27) (as Windows NT 3.1)
Latest release	24H2 (26100.1586) June 15, 2024; 3 months ago (2024-06-15)
Latest preview	25H2 (unknown) unknown; Error: first parameter cannot be parsed as a date or time. (unknown)
Update method	Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services
Platforms	IA-32, x86-64, ARM and Itanium (and historically DEC Alpha, MIPS, and PowerPC)
Kernel type	Hybrid
Default user interface	Graphical (Windows shell)
License	Depending on version, edition or customer choice: Trialware, commercial software, volume licensing, OEM-only, SaaS, S+S[lower-alpha 1]
Official website	www.microsoft.com/windows/

History

Microsoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible with OS/2 and POSIX and supporting multiprocessing, in October 1988.^[4] When development started in November 1989, Windows NT was to be known as OS/2 3.0,^[5] the third version of the operating system developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM. To ensure portability, initial development was targeted at the Intel i860XR RISC processor, switching to the MIPS R3000 in late 1989, and then the Intel i386 in 1990.^[6]

It is well believed that Dave Cutler^[7] intended the initialism 'WNT' as a pun on VMS, incrementing each letter by one. However, the project was named NT OS/2 before receiving the Windows brand.^[8] One of the original OS/2 3.0 creators, Mark Lucovsky, claims that the name was taken from the original target processor—the Intel i860, code-named N10 ('N-Ten').^[9] Various Microsoft publications, including a 1998 question-and-answer session with Bill Gates, reveal that the letters were expanded to 'New Technology' for marketing purposes but no longer carry any specific meaning.^[10] The letters were dropped from the name of Windows 2000, though Microsoft described the product as 'Built on NT technology.' Microsoft also created the NTFS (short for New Technology File System) with Windows NT.^[11]

Versions of Windows NT are Windows NT 3.1, NT 3.5, 3.51, NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7. Windows NT 3.1 was the first release of the Windows NT line. The version number 3.1 was from the fact that it looked very much like Windows 3.1. It was released in 1993. Next was Windows NT 3.5 and then 3.51. 3.5 was released in 1994 and 3.51 in 1995, just a few months before Windows 95. The version after that was NT 4.0, released in 1996. It was advertised as 'power of Windows NT and look of Windows 95' and included Internet Explorer version 2. The next version was NT 5.0, which was re-branded as Windows 2000 before release, followed by Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, and the most recently Windows 10.

The NT version number was not used for marketing purposes after Windows NT 4.0 but is still used internally and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system.^[12] Windows 10 changes the internal version number to 10.0, which is the first time since 1996 that the internal version number has matched the marketing number.

Windows NT can refer either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:

• Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
• Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
• Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
• Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
• Windows NT 5.0 (Windows 2000) (1997-1999)
• Windows NT 5.1 (Windows XP) (2001)
• Windows NT 5.2 (Windows Server 2003, Windows XP x64) (2003)
• Windows NT 6.0 (Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008) (2006)
• Windows NT 6.1 (Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2) (2009)
• Windows NT 6.2 (Windows 8, Windows Server 2012) (2012)
• Windows NT 6.3 (Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2) (2013)
• Windows NT 10.0 (Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, Windows 11) (2021)

References

1. Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon" (v10.0 ed.). Retrieved January 4, 2010.
2. "Windows NT System Overview". Microsoft.com. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
3. Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0". Retrieved 4 January 2010.
4. Dave Cutler's preface to Mark Russinovich, David A. Solomon. Microsoft Windows Internals, (Fourth Edition), Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1917-4
5. Andrew Pollack (1991-07-27). "Microsoft Widens Its Split With I.B.M. Over Software". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
6. Paul Thurrott (2003-01-24). "Windows Server 2003: The Road To Gold". Archived from the original on 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
7. Zachary, G. Pascal (1994). Show Stopper!: The Breakneck Race to Create Windows NT and the Next Generation at Microsoft. Free Press. ISBN 978-0029356715.
8. "Microsoft Windows NT OS/2 Design Workbook". Retrieved 2008-11-15.
9. "Paul Thurrott's History of Windows Server 2003: The Road To Gold". Archived from the original on 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
10. Gates, Bill (1998-06-05). "Q&A: Protecting children from information on the Internet". Microsoft. Retrieved 2005-06-26.
11. "NTFS", Wikipedia, 2024-08-17, retrieved 2024-08-29
12. Russinovich, Mark; Solomon, David (2001), Windows XP: Kernel Improvements Create a More Robust, Powerful, and Scalable OS, archived from the original on 2003-04-24, retrieved 2006-12-19

Notes

1. For more information on how Microsoft licenses its products, see Microsoft Software Assurance, DreamSpark, DreamSpark Premium, BizSpark, MSDN § Software subscriptions, Microsoft TechNet § Subscriptions and downloads and client access license.

Preceded by Windows 3.x	Windows Versions 1991-Present	Succeeded by Windows 95