Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi (RPi) je mikroračunalnik v velikosti kreditne kartice, ki so ga razvili v Združenem Kraljestvu, za Raspberry Pi Fundacijo, ki spodbuja poučevanja osnov računalništva v šolah in v državah v razvoju.^[1][2][3] Izvirni model je postal precej bolj priljubljen, kot so pričakovali^[4],  prodajali so ga tudi za namene, ki jih niso pričakovali. Obstajajo tudi kompleti, ki vključujejo dodatke, kot so miška, tipkovnica in kabli.^[4]

Glede na Raspberry Pi Fundacijo so prodali več kot 10 milijonov Raspberry Pi do aprila 2016, zaradi česar je najbolje prodajani Britanski računalnik.^[5]

Pregled

Obstaja več generacij računalnika Raspbery Pi. Prva generacija (Raspberry Pi 1 model B)  je izšla v februarju 2012. Sledil je enostavnejši in cenovno ugoden model model A. V letu 2014, je fundacija izdala računalnik z izboljšano zasnovo v Raspberry Pi 1 model B+.  Raspberry Pi računalniški modul je izšel v aprilu 2014. Raspberry Pi Zero z manjšo velikost in z manj vhodno/izhodnih (GPIO) priključkov, ki je bil izdan v novembru leta 2015 za $5. Pri Raspberry Pi 2 so dodali več RAM-a je in bil izdan februarja 2015. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, ki so ga izdali v februarju leta 2016 ima vgrajen WiFi in Bluetooth. Najnovejši računalnik je Raspberry Pi Zero W z vgrajenim WiFi in Bluetooth. Izšel je 28. februarja 2017 in stane $10.

Omrežja

Model A, A+ in Pi Zero nimajo Ethernet priključka in so z omrežjem povezani z uporabo zunanjega priključka USB. Modela B and B+ imata Ethernet vmesnik na čipu LAN9514.^[6] Raspberry Pi 3 in Raspberry Pi Zero W sta opremljena z 2,4 GHz WiFi 802.11n (150 Mbit/s) in Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s) poleg 10/100 Ethernet vmesnika.

Specifikacije

Tip	Model A		Model B					Compute Module*			Zero
Generacija	1	1 +	1	1 +	2	2 ver 1.2	3	1	3	3 lite	PCB ver 1.2	PCB ver 1.3	W (Wireless)
Datum izdaje	Februar 2013[7]	November 2014[8]	April–Junij 2012	Julij 2014[9]	Februar 2015[10]	Oktober 2016[11]	Februar 2016[12]	April 2014[13]	Januar 2017[14]		November 2015[15]	Mak 2016	28 Februar 2017
Cena	US$25[7]	US$20[8]	US$35[16]	US$25[17]	US$35	US$35	US$35	US$30 (v paketih po 100)[13]	$30	$25	US$5[15]	US$5	US$10
Arhitektura	ARMv6Z (32-bit)				ARMv7-A (32-bit)	ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)		ARMv6Z (32-bit)	ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)		ARMv6Z (32-bit)
SoC	Broadcom BCM2835[18]				Broadcom BCM2836	Broadcom BCM2837		Broadcom BCM2835[13]	Broadcom BCM2837		Broadcom BCM2835
CPU	700 MHz single-core ARM1176JZF-S[18]				900 MHz 32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A7	900 MHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53	1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53	700 MHz single-core ARM1176JZF-S	1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53		1 GHz single-core ARM1176JZF-S[15]
GPU	Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz (BCM2837: 3D part of GPU @ 300 MHz, video part of GPU @ 400 MHz)[19][20] OpenGL ES 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 GFLOPS / BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS) MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with license),[21] 1080p30 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC high-profile decoder and encoder[18] (BCM2837: 1080p60)
Pomnilnik (SDRAM)	256 MB (deljeno s GPU)	512 MB (deljeno s GPU) od 4. maja 2016. Starejši računalniki imajo 256 MB (deljeno s GPU)[22]			1 GB (deljeno s GPU)			512 MB (deljeno s GPU)	1 GB (deljeno s GPU)		512 MB (deljeno s GPU)
USB 2.0 priključki[23]	1		2)[24]	4[6][9]				1	1		1 Micro-USB
Video vhod	15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, za Raspberry Pi camera ali Raspberry Pi NoIR camera[25]							2× MIPI CSI[13][26][27]			Brez	MIPI CSI (rev 1.3)[28]	MIPI CSI
Video izhodi	HDMI (rev 1.3) composite video (RCA jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panels	HDMI (rev 1.3), composite video (3.5 mm TRRS jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panels	HDMI (rev 1.3), composite video (RCA jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panels	HDMI (rev 1.3), composite video (3.5 mm TRRS jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panels				HDMI, 2× MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panels,[13][27][29][30] composite video[26][31]			Mini-HDMI, 1080p60,[15] composite video via marked points on PCB for optional header pins[32]
Audio vhodi	As of revision 2 boards via I²S[33]
Audio izhodi	Analog via 3.5 mm phone jack; digital via HDMI and, as of revision 2 boards, I²S							Analog, HDMI, I²S			Mini-HDMI, stereo audio through PWM on GPIO
Vgrajeni pomnilnik[23]	SD, MMC, SDIO card slot (3.3 V with card power only)	MicroSDHC slot[9]	SD, MMC, SDIO card slot	MicroSDHC slot			MicroSDHC slot, USB Boot Mode[34]	4 GB eMMC flash memory chip[13]		MicroSDHC
Vgrajeni omrežni priključek[23]	None[35]		10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet (8P8C) USB adapter on the USB hub[24]				10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet, 802.11n wireless, Bluetooth 4.1	None					802.11n wireless, Bluetooth 4.1
Perferije	8× GPIO[36] plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio[37] +3.3 V, +5 V, ground[19][38]	17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus	8× GPIO plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio +3.3 V, +5 V, ground. An additional 4× GPIO are available on the P5 pad if the user is willing to make solder connections	17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus				46× GPIO, some of which can be used for specific functions including I²C, SPI, UART, PCM, PWM[39]			40× GPIO ("unpopulated header")[15]
Poraba energije	300 mA (1.5 W)[40]	200 mA (1 W)[41]	700 mA (3.5 W)	600 mA (3.0 W)[9]	800 mA[42] (4.0 W)[43]			200 mA (1 W)	700mA (3.5 W)			~160 mA[15] (0.8 W)
Vir energije	5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header
Velikost	8.560 mm × 565 mm (337,0 in × 22,2 in), not including protruding connectors	65 mm × 565 mm × 10 mm (2,56 in × 22,24 in × 0,39 in), same as HAT board	8.560 mm × 565 mm (337,0 in × 22,2 in), not including protruding connectors				8.560 mm × 565 mm × 17 mm (337,01 in × 22,24 in × 0,67 in) [44]	676 mm × 30 mm (26,6 in × 1,2 in)	676 mm × 31 mm (26,6 in × 1,2 in)			65 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm (2,56 in × 1,18 in × 0,20 in)
Teža	31 g (1,1 oz)	23 g (0,81 oz)	45 g (1,6 oz)					7 g (0,25 oz)[45]				9 g (0,32 oz)[46]
Priključki	Micro-USB cable[35] or a serial cable with optional GPIO power connector[47]
Generacija	1	1 +	1	1 +	2	2 ver 1.2	3	1	3	3 lite	PCB ver 1.2	PCB ver 1.3	W (Wireless)
Tip	Model A		Model B					Compute Module*			Zero

General purpose input-output (GPIO) priključek

Raspberry Pi 1 A+ B+, Raspberry Pi 2 B, Raspberry Pi 3 B in Raspberry Pi Zero (in Zero W) imajo 40 GPIO priključkov.^[48][49] Modela A in B imata samo 26 priključkov.^[50][51][52]

GPIO#	2. funkcija	Pin#		Pin#	2. funkcija	GPIO#
	+3.3 V	1		2	+5 V
2	SDA1 (I²C)	3		4	+5 V
3	SCL1 (I²C)	5		6	GND
4	GCLK	7		8	TXD0 (UART)	14
	GND	9		10	RXD0 (UART)	15
17	GEN0	11		12	GEN1	18
27	GEN2	13		14	GND
22	GEN3	15		16	GEN4	23
	+3.3 V	17		18	GEN5	24
10	MOSI (SPI)	19		20	GND
9	MISO (SPI)	21		22	GEN6	25
11	SCLK (SPI)	23		24	CE0_N (SPI)	8
	GND	25		26	CE1_N (SPI)	7
(Raspberry Pi 1 A in B se tukaj končata)
EEPROM	ID_SD	27		28	ID_SC	EEPROM
5	N/A	29		30	GND
6	N/A	31		32		12
13	N/A	33		34	GND
19	N/A	35		36	N/A	16
26	N/A	37		38	Digital IN	20
	GND	39		40	Digital OUT	21

Model B rev. 2 ima 8 dodatnih priključkov, ki ponujajo dostop do dodatnih 4. GPIO povezav.^[53]

Funkcija	2. funkcija	Pin#		Pin#	2. funkcija	Funkcija
N/A	+5 V	1		2	+3.3 V	N/A
GPIO28	GPIO_GEN7	3		4	GPIO_GEN8	GPIO29
GPIO30	GPIO_GEN9	5		6	GPIO_GEN10	GPIO31
N/A	GND	7		8	GND	N/A

Programska oprema

Operacijski sistemi

Operacijski sistemi za Raspberry Pi se namestijo preko MicroSD kartice Reža za njo se nahaja na spodnjem delu računalnika.

Na Raspberry Pi se uporablja predvsem Raspbian, različica sistema Debian osnovi Linux operacijskega sistema. Drugi operacijski sistemi, ki so na voljo prek uradne spletne strani so Ubuntu MATE, Snappy Ubuntu Core, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS in specializiranih distribucij Kodi media centra.^[54]

Na računalniku Raspberry Pi lahko zaženete tudi mnoge druge operacijske sisteme.

Drugi operacijski sistemi (ne temeljijo na Linux)

• RISC OS Pi
• FreeBSD^[55]
• NetBSD^[56][57]
• Plan 9 iz Bell Labs^[58][59] in Inferno^[60] (beta)
• Windows 10 IoT Core – brezplačna izdaja Windows 10 za IoT (internet stvari), ki jih ponuja Microsoft, ki teče le na Raspberry Pi 2 in 3.^[61]
• xv6^[62]
• Haiku – je odprtokoden BeOS klon za Raspberry Pi.^[63] Podprta sta le Raspberry Pi 2 in 3.^{[navedi vir]}
• HelenOS – prenosni multiserver operacijski sistem. Ima osnovno Raspberry Pi podporo od različice 0.6.0^[64]
• Genode OS Okvir – podpira Raspberry Pi platformo z različico 13.05^[65]

Drugi operacijski sistemi (temeljijo na Linux)

• Xbian^[66] – uporablja Kodi (včasih XBMC) odprtokoden digitalni media center
• openSUSE^[67]
• Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix^[68]
• Pidora,^[69] druga Fedora predelava optimizirana za Raspberry Pi
• Gentoo Linux^[70]
• Diet Pi, vključuje različne vrste strežnikov^[71]
• CentOS za Raspberry Pi 2 ali več
• RedSleeve za Raspberry Pi 1
• Slackware ARM – version 13.37 and later runs on the Raspberry Pi without modification.^{[72][73][74][75]} The 128–496 MB of available memory on the Raspberry Pi is at least twice the minimum requirement of 64 MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an ARM or i386 system.^[76] (Whereas the majority of Linux systems boot into a graphical user interface, Slackware's default user environment is the textual shell / command line interface.^[77]) The Fluxbox window manager running under the X Window System requires an additional 48 MB of RAM.^[78]
• Moebius^[79] – is a light ARM HF distribution based on Debian. It uses Raspbian repository, but it fits in a 128 MB SD card.^[80] It has only minimal services and its memory use is optimized to be small.
• OpenWrt – is primarily used on embedded devices to route network traffic.
• Kali Linux – is a Debian-derived distro designed for digital forensics and penetration testing.
• Pardus ARM^[81] – is a Debian-based operating system which is the light version of the Pardus (operating system).
• Instant WebKiosk – is an operating system for digital signage purposes (web and media views).
• Ark OS – is designed for website and email self-hosting.
• ROKOS^[82] – is a Raspbian-based operating system with integrated clients for the Bitcoin and OKCash cryptocurrencies.
• MinePeon – is a dedicated operating system for mining cryptocurrency.
• Kano OS^[83]
• Nard SDK^[84] – is a software development kit (SDK) for industrial embedded systems.
• Sailfish OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to use ARM Cortex-A7 CPU; Raspberry Pi 1 uses different ARMv6 architecture and Sailfish requires ARMv7.)^[85]
• Tiny Core Linux – a minimal Linux operating system focused on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. Designed to run primarily in RAM.
• IPFire – is a dedicated firewall/router distribution for the protection of a SOHO LAN; runs only on a Raspberry Pi 1; porting to the Raspberry Pi 2 is not planned for now.^[86]
• Alpine Linux – is a Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox, primarily designed for "power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency".
• Void Linux – a rolling release Linux distribution which was designed and implemented from scratch, provides images based on musl or glibc.
• Tingbot OS^[87] – temelji na Raspbian, oblikovan kot Tingbot dodatek in za zaganjanje Tide aplikacij.^[88]
• WTware for Raspberry Pi^[89] za Raspberry Pi 2 in 3.
• Fedora 25 – podpira Raspberry Pi 2 in več
• Media center operacijski sistemi: OpenELEC, LibreELEC, Xbian, Rasplex
• Audio operacijski sistemi : Volumio, Pimusicbox, Runeaudio, moOdeaudio
• Retrogaming operacijski sistemi: Retropie, Recalbox, Happi Game Center, Lakka, ChameleonPi, Piplay