Eritrea
charu mu mphondo ya Afilika / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eritrea (/ˌɛrɪˈtriː.ə, -ˈtreɪ-/ (pulikizgani machemelo)),[11][12][13] panji kuti Charu cha Eritrea, ni chalo icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Horn of Africa ku East Africa, na msumba wake ukuru ku Asmara. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Ethiopia kumwera, Sudan kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Djibouti kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi. Kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Eritrea kuli mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana pafupifupi 117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi), ndipo chikusazgapo Dahlak Archipelago na virwa vinandi vya Hanish.
State of Eritrea |
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Nyimbo: ኤርትራ ኤርትራ ኤርትራ (Tigrinya) "Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea" |
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Msumba Waboma kweneso Msumba Usani | Asmara | |||||
Chiyowoyelo chaboma | None[1] | |||||
Viyowoyelo vyaboma |
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Working languages |
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Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2021) |
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Vipembezo | See religion in Eritrea | |||||
Mwenecharu |
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Mtundu wa Boma | Unitary one-party presidential republic under a totalitarian dictatorship[3][4][5][6][7] | |||||
- | President | Isaias Afwerki | ||||
Independence from Ethiopia | ||||||
- | Eritrean War of Independence | 1 September 1961 | ||||
- | De facto | 24 May 1991 | ||||
- | De jure | 24 May 1993 | ||||
Ukulu wa Malo | ||||||
- | Malo | 117,600 km2 (97th) 45,400 sq mi |
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- | Maji (%) | 14.1% | ||||
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu | ||||||
- | 2023 estimate | 6,274,796[8] (111th) | ||||
GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $6.88 billion[9] | ||||
- | Per capita | $1,910[9] | ||||
GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $2.25 billion[9] | ||||
- | Per capita | $626[9] | ||||
HDI (2019) | 0.459[10] low ·180th |
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Ndalama | Nakfa (ERN ) |
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Mtundu Wanyengo | EAT (UTC+3) | |||||
- | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+3) | ||||
Woko la galimoto | right | |||||
Intaneti yacharu | .er | |||||
Vinthu ivyo vikukhalapo vya ŵanthu ivyo vikusangika ku Eritrea ni vyaka pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Eritrea chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu 9 ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero 9 vyakupambanapambana, ndipo chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka chomene ni Chitigrinya, ndipo viyowoyero vinyake ni Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen, na Chiarabic. ChiTigrinya, Chiarabic, na Cingelezi ni viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya.[2][14][15][16] Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya mu banja la Afroasiatic, panji viyowoyero vya ku Etiyopiya ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Semite. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tigrinyas ndiwo ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi. Kweniso kuli mitundu yinyake ya ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nilo-Saharan. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici ŵakusopa Cikhristu panji Cisilamu, ndipo ŵanji ŵakusopa visopa vinyake.
Ufumu wa Aksum, uwo ukaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo sono ni Eritrea na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 panji 200 C.E.[17][18] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakamba kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Mu nyengo za pakati, chigaŵa chikuru cha Eritrea chikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa Medri Bahri. Charu cha Eritrea icho sono chikuchemeka Eritrea, chikaŵako chifukwa cha kukolerana kwa maufumu ghanyake (nga ni Medri Bahri na Aussa Sultanate). Nkhondo ya ku Italy yikati yamara mu 1942, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira charu cha Eritrea m'paka mu 1952. Kuyana na ivyo Wupu wa United Nations ukadumura mu 1952, charu cha Eritrea chikeneranga kujilamulira na nyumba ya malango ya ku Eritrea, kweni pa nkhani za vyaru vya kuwaro na kuvikilira charu, chikaŵa pasi pa Ethiopia kwa vyaka 10. Ndipouli, mu 1962, boma la Ethiopia likawuskapo boma la Eritrea na kupoka charu ichi. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujipatura ku charu cha Eritrea likambiska gulu la Eritrean Liberation Front mu 1961 ndipo likarwa Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira palokha ya Eritrea m'paka apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1991. Mu 1993, charu cha Eritrea chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha.
Charu cha Eritrea nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vindafike pa msinkhu wakulera ŵana. Boma ili lili na chipani chimoza ndipo palije maungano gha vyamalamulo panji gha pulezidenti.[19][5] Isaias Afwerki wakuteŵetera nga ni purezidenti kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1993. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (Human Rights Watch) ukuti boma la Eritrea lili na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni chomene pa charu chose. Boma la Eritrea likukana ivyo boma likuyowoya. Ufulu wa vyalo ku Eritrea ngwakupeleŵera comene. Kufika mu 2022, wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukuwona kuti charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakuluska wose pa charu chose.
Charu cha Eritrea chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, na Intergovernmental Authority on Development, ndipo chili na wupu wa Arab League pamoza na Brazil na Venezuela.[20]