NASA

NASA (kengaytmasi: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, tarjimasi: Milliy Aeronavtika va Fazo Maʼmuriyati) AQSh hukumatining ijroiya tashkilotlaridan biri boʻlib, Qoʻshma Shtatlarning fuqaro aviatsiyasi, fazoviy dasturlari va aeronavtik tadqiqotlarini olib boradi. 2006-yil fevralidan NASA vazifasi fazoviy, ilmiy va aeronavtik tadqiqotlar olib borish, deb belgilandi^[1].

Milliy Aeronavtika va Fazo Maʼmuriyati
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Maqomi	Hukumat tashkiloti
Maqsadi	Fazo tadqiqoti Aeronavtika Fan
Ishga tushgan sanasi	29-iyul, 1958
Joylashuvi	Vashington, AQSh
USA Charles Bolden
Vebsayti	www.nasa.gov

NASA 1958-yili 29-iyulda Milliy Aeronavtika va Fazo Akti qabul qilinishi sababli tuzilgan. Ungacha bu kabi ishlar bilan NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) shugʻullanar edi. Tashkilot 1958-yil 1-oktabridan ishga tushdi^[2][3]. Shu vaqtgacha NASA Amerikaning fazoviy tadqiqotlari, jumladan, Oyga parvoz, Skylab fazoviy stansiyasi, Space Shuttle loyihalari ustida muvaffaqiyatli ishladi. Hozirda NASA Xalqaro Fazoviy Stansiya ishini taʼminlamoqda, Orion loyihasi ustida ishlamoqda.

NASA ning ilmiy boʻlimi Yer sayyorasini oʻrganadi, buning uchun u Earth Observing System tizimini qurgan^[4]. Shuningdek,boʻlim Quyosh fizikasi sohasida ishlar olib boradi^[5]. Quyosh tizimi jismlarini robotik ravishda tadqiq etadi^[6]. Umuman, astrofizikaga bogʻliq ishlar bilan shugʻullanadi^[7].

Boshqaruv

Rahbariyat

Agentlikning boshqaruvi Vashington, DC shahridagi NASA qarorgohida joylashgan bo‘lib, umumiy rahbarlik va yo‘nalishni ta’minlaydi^[8]. Maxsus holatlar bundan mustasno, NASA fuqaro xizmati xodimlari AQSh fuqarolari bo‘lishi shart^[9]. NASA administratorini AQSh prezidenti tayinlaydi va bu tayinlov AQSh Senati tomonidan tasdiqlanishi lozim^[10]. Administrator prezidentning xohishiga ko‘ra bosh maslahatchi sifatida faoliyat yuritadi. Hozirgi administrator Bill Nelson bo‘lib, u 2021-yil 3-mayda prezident Joe Bidentomonidan tayinlangan^[11].

Administrator Bill Nelson (2021–hozirgacha)

Strategik reja

NASA quyidagi to‘rtta FY2022 strategik maqsad bilan faoliyat yuritadi.^[12]

• Yangi ilmiy kashfiyotlar orqali inson bilimlarini kengaytirish
• Insoniyatning Oyning sirtiga va Marsga uzoq muddatli barqaror izlanishlar, rivojlanish va foydalanish uchun yetib borishini ta'minlash
• Iqtisodiy o'sishni qo'llab-quvvatlash va innovatsiyalarni milliy muammolarni hal qilishga yo'naltirish
• Joriy va kelajakdagi missiyalar muvaffaqiyatini ta'minlash uchun imkoniyatlar va operatsiyalarni yaxshilash

Budjet

NASA tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan budjet takliflari ma'muriyat tomonidan tasdiqlanib, AQSh Kongressiga taqdim etiladi. Taqdim etilgan byudjetlar Kongressning ikkala palatasi tomonidan qabul qilingan va AQSh prezidenti tomonidan qonuniylashtirilgan byudjetlardir^[13].

Quyida NASAning moliyaviy yil bo‘yicha byudjet so‘rovlari va tasdiqlangan byudjetlari ko‘rsatilgan.

Yil	Byudjet so‘rovi (mlrd. AQSh dollari)	Tasdiqlangan byudjet (mlrd. AQSh dollari)	AQSh hukumati xodimlari
2018	$19.092[14]	$20.736[15]	17,551[16]
2019	$19.892[15]	$21.500[17]	17,551[18]
2020	$22.613[17]	$22.629[19]	18,048[20]
2021	$25.246[19]	$23.271[21]	18,339[22]
2022	$24.802[21]	$24.041[23]	18,400 taxminan

Tashkilot

NASAning mablag'lari va ustuvor yo'nalishlari olti Missiya Boshqarmasi orqali ishlab chiqiladi.

Missiya Boshqarmasi	Boshqaruvchi administratsiya	NASA byudjetining ulushi (FY22)[21]
Aeronautics Research (ARMD)	Catherine A. Koerner[24]	4%
Exploration Systems Development (ESDMD)	James Free[25]	28%
Space Operations (SOMD)	Kenneth Bowersox[26]	17%
Science (SMD)	Nicola Fox[27]	32%
Space Technology (STMD)	Kurt Vogel [28]	5%
Mission Support (MSD)	Robert Gibbs[29]	14%

Markaziy bo‘limlar, masalan, Bosh Muhandis va Xavfsizlik va Missiyani Ta'minlash tashkilotlari qarorgoh vazifasiga muvofiqlashtirilgan. MSD budjetiga qarorgoh funksiyalari uchun mablag‘lar ham kiritilgan. Ma’muriyat mamlakat bo‘ylab bir nechta qo‘shimcha bo‘limlarni boshqaradigan 10 ta yirik markazlarga ega. Har biriga Markaz Direktori rahbarlik qiladi (quyidagi ma'lumotlar 2022-yil 1-sentabr holatiga ko'ra olingan).

Markazlar	Asosiy joylashuv	Markaz Direktori
Ames Research Center	Mountain View, California	Eugene L. Tu[30]
Armstrong Flight Research Center	Palmdale, California	Brad Flick (acting)[31]
Glenn Research Center	Cleveland, Ohio	James A. Kenyon (acting)[32]
Goddard Space Flight Center	Greenbelt, Maryland	Makenzie Lystrup[33]
Jet Propulsion Laboratory	La Canada-Flintridge, California	Laurie Leshin[34]
Johnson Space Center	Houston, Texas	Vanessa E. Wyche[35]
Kennedy Space Center	Merritt Island, Florida	Janet Petro[36]
Langley Research Center	Hampton, Virginia	Clayton Turner[37]
Marshall Space Flight Center	Huntsville, Alabama	Jody Singer[38]
Stennis Space Center	Hancock County, Mississippi	Richard J. Gilbrech[39]

Galereya

NASA kosmik kemalarining Quyosh tizimi kuzatuvlari

• 
  Solar Dynamics Observatory tomonidan suratga olingan Quyosh rasmi, 2010
• 
  MESSENGER tomonidan suratga olingan Merkuriy sayyorasi rasmi, 2008
• 
  Mariner 10 tomonidan suratga olingan Venera sayyorasi, 1974
• 
  Apollo 17 ekipaji tomonidan suratga olingan Yer sayyorasi, 1972
• 
  Apollo 8 ekipaji tomonidan suratga olingan Oy, 1968
• 
  Viking 1 tomonidan suratga olingan Mars sayyorasi, 1976
• 
  NEAR Shoemaker tomonidan suratga olingan Asteroid 433 Eros, 2000
• 
  Dwarf planet Ceres image by Dawn, 2015
• 
  Juno tomonidan suratga olingan Yupiter sayyorasi, 2019
• 
  Moon Io (Jupiter) image by Galileo, 1999
• 
  Cassini tomonidan suratga olingan Saturn sayyorasi, 2016
• 
  Moon Mimas (Saturn) image by Cassini, 2010
• 
  Voyager 2 tomonidan suratga olingan Uran sayyorasi, 1986
• 
  Moon Miranda (Uranus) image by Voyager 2, 1986
• 
  Voyager 2 tomonidan suratga olingan Neptun sayyorasi, 1989
• 
  New Horizons tomonidan suratga olingan Pluton kichik sayyorasi, 2015
• 
  Moon Charon (Pluto) image by New Horizons, 2015

NASA Great Observatory images

• 
  Helix Nebula by Spitzer Space Telescope, 2007
• 
  1901 GK Persei supernova by Chandra X-ray Observatory, 2015
• 
  Carina Nebula by Hubble Space Telescope, 2010
• 
  Stephens quintet by James Webb Space Telescope, Jul 2022

NASA spacecraft

• 
  Comparison of Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury systems^{[note 1]}
• 
  Surveyor 3, Pete Conrad, and Apollo 12 on the Moon, 1969
• 
  Space Shuttle Endeavor in orbit, 2008
• 
  Hubble Space Telescope released in orbit after servicing, 2009.
• 
  James Webb Space Telescope now in orbit, 2022.
• 
  Opportunity rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003
• 
  Curiosity rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021
• 
  Perseverance rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021
• 
  Voyager 2, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022
• 
  Orion spacecraft and European Service Module testing, 2020

NASA space launch systems

• 
  Saturn V and Apollo 11 at launch, Jul 1969
• 
  Titan III/Centaur launching Voyager 2 spacecraft, Jul 1977
• 
  Delta II launching Spirit rover, Jun 2003
• 
  Space Shuttle (STS-124) during launch, May 2008
• 
  Space Launch System and Artemis 1 at launch, Nov 2022

Concepts and plans

• 
  Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s
• 
  Space Tug concept, 1970s
• 
  NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022
• 
  Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s
• 
  Lunar Gateway space station, 2020
• 
  NASA lunar outpost concept, 2006
• 
  NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014
• 
  NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission