美国副总检察长

美国副总检察长（英语：Solicitor General of the United States，台湾作美国讼务次长）^[1][2][3]是美国司法部排名第四的高级官员，继司法部长、常务副部长及助理部长之后。该职位自2021年10月28日起由伊丽莎白·普雷洛加（英语：Elizabeth Prelogar）担任。

提示：此条目的主题不是美国司法部长或美国司法部常务副部长。

美国副总检察长
Solicitor General of the United States
副总检察长旗帜
现任 伊丽莎白·普雷洛加（英语：Elizabeth Prelogar） 2021年10月28日就职
美国司法部
尊称	副总检察长先生／女士（Mr. or Madam Solicitor General）
直属	美国司法部长
机构所在地	美国最高法院大楼及司法部大楼
任命者	美国总统 （参照参议院意见并得其同意）
设立法源	美国法典第28编（英语：Title 28 of the United States Code） § 第505节
设立	1870年10月
首任	本杰明·布里斯托尔
副职	首席副副总检察长（Principal Deputy Solicitor General）
网站	www.usdoj.gov

副总检察长办公室的架构

美国副总检察长在美国最高法院代表美国联邦政府参加讼辩。美国在最高法院采取的法律立场即由副总检察长决定。除了监管及处理政府作为诉讼方的案件外，副总检察长办公室还会在与联邦政府有重大利益关联的案件中提交法庭之友摘要。几乎所有以“合众国”为与讼一方的案件中，副总检察长办公室都会代表政府出庭争辩，并在大多数政府曾提交“法庭之友”摘要的案件中出庭争辩。在联邦上诉法院，副总检察长办公室会审视对合众国不利的案件，并决定政府是否应向最高法院寻求复核。副总检察长办公室还会审视联邦地区法院对合众国作出的裁决，并就政府对案件的上诉做出核准决定。

副总检察长办公室的组成

副总检察长由4名副副总检察长（deputy solicitors general）及17名副总检察长助理（assistants to the solicitor general）协助。其中3名副副总检察长是司法部的职业律师，剩下的1名副副总检察长被称为“首席副副总检察长”（Principal Deputy Solicitor General）。与副总检察长相同，首席副副总检察长通常在政府任期结束时卸任。

副总检察长或一名副副总检察长通常会在最高法院为最重要的案件争辩。其他案件可能由其中一名助理或其他政府律师（government attorney）参与讼辩。每个最高法院任期内，副总检察长通常会在6至9个案件中争辩，而每名副副总检察长在4至5个案件中争辩，每名助理则会在2至3个案件中争辩。^[4]

历任副总检察长

副总检察长	任期	委任总统
本杰明·布里斯托尔	October 11, 1870 – November 15, 1872	尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特
Samuel Phillips	December 11, 1872 – May 1, 1885
John Goode	May 1, 1885 – August 5, 1886	格罗弗·克利夫兰
George Jenks	July 30, 1886 – May 29, 1889
Orlow Chapman	May 29, 1889 – January 19, 1890	本杰明·哈里森
威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱	February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892
Charles Aldrich	March 21, 1892 – May 28, 1893
Lawrence Maxwell	April 6, 1893 – January 30, 1895	格罗弗·克利夫兰
Holmes Conrad	February 6, 1895 – July 1, 1897
John Richards	July 6, 1897 – March 16, 1903	威廉·麦金莱
Henry Hoyt	February 25, 1903 – March 31, 1909	西奥多·罗斯福
Lloyd Bowers	April 1, 1909 – September 9, 1910	威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱
Frederick Lehmann	December 12, 1910 – July 15, 1912
William Bullitt	July 16, 1912 – March 11, 1913
约翰·威廉·戴维斯	August 30, 1913 – November 26, 1918	伍德罗·威尔逊
Alexander King	November 27, 1918 – May 23, 1920
William Frierson	June 1, 1920 – June 30, 1921
James Beck	June 1, 1921 – May 11, 1925	沃伦·盖玛利尔·哈定
William Mitchell	June 4, 1925 – March 5, 1929	卡尔文·柯立芝
Charles Hughes	May 27, 1929 – April 16, 1930	赫伯特·胡佛
Thomas Thacher	March 22, 1930 – May 4, 1933
James Biggs	May 5, 1933 – March 24, 1935	富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福
Stanley Reed	March 25, 1935 – January 30, 1938
罗伯特·H·杰克逊	March 5, 1938 – January 17, 1940
弗朗西斯·贝弗利·比德尔	January 22, 1940 – September 4, 1941
Charles Fahy	November 15, 1941 – September 27, 1945
Howard McGrath	October 4, 1945 – October 7, 1946	哈里·S·杜鲁门
Philip Perlman	July 30, 1947 – August 15, 1952
Walter Cummings	December 2, 1952 – March 1, 1953
Simon Sobeloff	February 10, 1954 – July 19, 1956	德怀特·艾森豪威尔
Lee Rankin	August 4, 1956 – January 23, 1961
Archibald Cox	January 24, 1961 – July 31, 1965	约翰·肯尼迪
瑟古德·马歇尔	August 11, 1965 – August 30, 1967	林登·约翰逊
Erwin Griswold	October 12, 1967 – June 25, 1973
Robert Bork	June 27, 1973 – January 20, 1977	理查德·尼克松
		杰拉尔德·福特
Daniel Friedman 署理	January 20, 1977 – March 4, 1977	吉米·卡特
Wade McCree	March 4, 1977 – January 20, 1981
Rex Lee	August 6, 1981 – June 1, 1985	罗纳德·里根
Charles Fried	October 23, 1985 – January 20, 1989 Acting: June 1, 1985 – October 23, 1985
William Bryson 署理	January 20, 1989 – May 27, 1989	乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什
Ken Starr	May 27, 1989 – January 20, 1993
William Bryson 署理	January 20, 1993 – June 7, 1993	比尔·克林顿
Drew Days	June 7, 1993 – June 28, 1996
Walter Dellinger 署理	June 28, 1996 – November 7, 1997
Seth Waxman	November 7, 1997 – January 20, 2001
Barbara Underwood 署理	January 20, 2001 – June 13, 2001	乔治·沃克·布什
西奥多·奥尔森（英语：Theodore Olson）	June 13, 2001 – July 13, 2004
Paul Clement	June 13, 2005 – June 2, 2008 Acting: July 13, 2004 – June 13, 2005
Gregory Garre	October 2, 2008 – January 20, 2009 Acting: June 2, 2008 – October 2, 2008
Edwin Kneedler 署理	January 20, 2009 – March 20, 2009	贝拉克·奥巴马
艾蕾娜·卡根	March 20, 2009 – May 17, 2010
Neal Katyal 署理	May 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011
Don Verrilli	June 9, 2011 – June 25, 2016
Ian Gershengorn 署理	June 25, 2016 – January 20, 2017
Noel Francisco 署理	January 20, 2017 – March 10, 2017	唐纳德·特朗普
Jeff Wall 署理	March 10, 2017 – September 19, 2017
Noel Francisco	September 19, 2017 – July 3, 2020
Jeff Wall 署理	July 3, 2020 – January 20, 2021
Elizabeth Prelogar 署理	January 20, 2021 – August 11, 2021	乔·拜登
Brian Fletcher 署理	August 11, 2021 – October 28, 2021
Elizabeth Prelogar	October 28, 2021 – present

Note: Some terms overlap because the incumbent remained in office after a successor was named. The office has been vacant at times while awaiting the nomination or confirmation of a successor.

首席副副总检察长列表

• Paul M. Bator – 1982 to 1983
• Donald B. Ayer – June 1986 to December 1988
• John Roberts – October 1989–January 1993^[5] (Became Chief Justice)
• Paul Bender – 1993–1996
• Seth Waxman – 1996–1997 (Became Solicitor General)
• Barbara Underwood – March 1997 to January 2001 (acting SG from January to June 2001)
• Paul D. Clement – 2001 to July 2004 (became acting SG)
• Gregory G. Garre – September 2005-June 19, 2008 (became acting SG)
• Neal Katyal – January 2009 to May 2010 (became acting SG)
• Leondra Kruger – acting principal deputy SG named in August 2010
• Sri Srinivasan – August 2011 to May 2013 (became Chief Judge of D.C. Circuit)
• Ian Gershengorn – September 2013 to June 2016 (became Acting SG)
• Noel Francisco – January 20, 2017 to March 10, 2017 (became SG)
• Jeff Wall – March 10, 2017 to January 20, 2021 (became Acting SG)^[6][7]
• Elizabeth Prelogar – January 20, 2021 - October 28, 2021 (became SG)

参见

• 副总检察长
• 澳大利亚民事检察专员
• 澳大利亚副总检察长