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Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨tʼ⟩ in IPA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The alveolar and dental ejective stops are types of consonantal sounds, usually described as voiceless, that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ʼ⟩,[1] as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents palatalization: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) |
Dental ejective stop | |
---|---|
t̪ʼ | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | t̪ť |
Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+032A U+0165 |
X-SAMPA | t_d_> |
In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa, the hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/. In Zulu and Xhosa, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for Haida and Hadza, double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza).
In Oromo /tʼ/ is written as ⟨x⟩.
Features of the alveolar ejective:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | ятӀэ/i͡atḣė | 'dirt' | |||
Amharic | ጥጃ/ṭəǧǧa/t'ejah/tehǧa | [tʼɨd͡ʒːa] | 'calf' | ||
Armenian | Yerevan dialect[4] | տասը/t'asë | [ˈtʼɑsə] | 'ten' | Corresponds to tenuis [t⁼] in other Eastern dialects |
Chechen | тӏай / thay / طای | [tʼəj] | 'bridge' | ||
Dahalo[2] | [t̺ʼirimalle] | 'spider' | Apical, contrasts with laminal denti-alveolar ejective.[3] | ||
Ganza[5]: 95 | [tʼóɗó] | 'black' | |||
Georgian | ტიტა/t'it'a | [ˈtʼitʼä] | 'tulip' | ||
Haida | qqayttas | [qʼajtʼas] | 'basket' | ||
Kabardian | тӀы / ţə / طە | 'ram' | |||
Kawésqar | t'ǽrkse | [tʼǽɾkse] | 'spicy' | ||
Khwarshi | тӀая/t'aja | [tʼaja] | 'to drop' | ||
Mingrelian | ტყები/t'q'ɛbi | [ˈtʼqʼɛbi] | 'leather' | ||
Navajo | yáʼátʼééh | [jáʔátʼɛ́ːh] or [jáʔátʼéːh] | 'greetings' or 'hello' | literally 'it is good'[6] | |
Nez Perce | tʼeyíitʼeyii | [tʼæˈjiːtʼæjiː] | 'flat' | ||
Ossetian | Iron | стъалы/sthaly | [ˈstʼäɫɪ̈] | 'star' | |
Quechua | tʼanta | [tʼæntæ] | 'bread' | ||
Svan | ტჷნ/tʼən | [tʼən] | 'body' |
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