Union blockade

The Union blockade in the American Civil War was a naval strategy by the United States to prevent the Confederacy from trading.

Union blockade
Part of the American Civil War
Scott's great snake, J.B. Elliot
Date 1861–1865 Location Atlantic Ocean Result U.S. victory
Belligerents
United States (Union)	Confederacy
Commanders and leaders
Abraham Lincoln Gideon Welles	Jefferson Davis Stephen Mallory

The blockade was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln in April 1861, and required the monitoring of 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of Atlantic and Gulf coastline, including 12 major ports, notably New Orleans and Mobile. Those blockade runners fast enough to evade the Union Navy could carry only a small fraction of the supplies needed. They were operated largely by British citizens, making use of neutral ports such as Havana, Nassau and Bermuda. The Union commissioned around 500 ships, which destroyed or captured about 1,500 blockade runners over the course of the war.

The blockade was largely successful in reducing 95% of cotton export in the South from pre-war levels, devaluing its currency and severely damaging its economy. However, it was less successful in preventing war material from being smuggled into the South. Throughout the conflict, at least 600,000 arms (mostly British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifles)[1] were smuggled by blockade runners to the Confederacy, 330,000 of them into the Gulf ports.[2] Such shipments were enough to prolong the war by two years and kill 400,000 additional Americans.[3][4][5]