2018 United States Senate election in Michigan

The 2018 United States Senate election in Michigan took place on November 6, 2018, in order to elect the Class 1 U.S. Senator from the State of Michigan, concurrently with a gubernatorial election, as well as other elections to the U.S. House of Representatives. This was one of ten Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state that Donald Trump won in the 2016 presidential election.

2018 United States Senate election in Michigan

← 2012 November 6, 2018 2024 →
Turnout	56.72%
Nominee Debbie Stabenow John James Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,214,478 1,938,818 Percentage 52.26% 45.76%
County results Congressional district results Precinct results Stabenow:      40-50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% James:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Tie:      40–50%      No data
U.S. senator before election Debbie Stabenow Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow Democratic

Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow won reelection to a fourth term. On August 7, 2018, John James won the Republican nomination, defeating businessman Sandy Pensler.^[1] On May 5, 2018, Marcia Squier received the endorsement and nomination of the Green Party of Michigan at the state convention in Flint.^[2]

Stabenow was re-elected by a 6.5% margin and a difference of 275,660 votes,^[3] making this the second-closest U.S. Senate election in Michigan since Stabenow was first elected in 2000.^[4]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Nominee

• Debbie Stabenow, incumbent U.S. Senator^[5][6][7]

Declined

• Mike Duggan, Mayor of Detroit

Withdrew

• Craig Allen Smith

Endorsements

Debbie Stabenow

Organizations

• EMILY's List^[8]
• League of Conservation Voters^[9]
• MI List^[10]
• National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare^[11]
• Natural Resources Defense Council^[9]
• Sierra Club^[12]

Individuals

• Chelsea Handler, actress and television personality^[13]

Results

Democratic primary results^[14]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Debbie Stabenow (incumbent)	1,045,450	100.00%
Total votes			1,045,450	100.00%

Republican primary

Candidates

Nominee

• John James, businessman and Iraq veteran^[15][16]

Defeated in primary

• Sandy Pensler, former Wayne County Commissioner, businessman and candidate for MI-08 in 1992^[17][16]

Failed to qualify

• Bob Carr, historic preservationist, businessman and nominee for MI-01 in 1996^[18][16]

Declined

• John Engler, former governor^[19]
• Ted Nugent, musician and political activist (endorsed James)^[20]
• Robert Ritchie, better known as musician Kid Rock (endorsed James)^[21]
• Bill Schuette, Michigan Attorney General, former U.S. Representative and nominee for U.S. Senate in 1990 (ran for Governor)^[22]
• Fred Upton, U.S. Representative^[23]

Withdrew

• Lena Epstein, businesswoman (running for MI-11)^[24]
• Robert P. Young Jr., former chief justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (endorsed John James)^[25][26]

Endorsements

John James

U.S. President

• Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States^[27][28]

U.S. Vice President

• Mike Pence, 48th Vice President of the United States^[29]

U.S. Senators

• Marco Rubio, U.S. Senator from Florida^[30]

U.S. Representatives

• Jack Bergman, U.S. Representative^[31]
• Mike Bishop, U.S. Representative (R-MI 8)^[32]
• Bill Huizenga, U.S. Representative^[33]
• Paul Mitchell, U.S. Representative^[34]
• John Moolenaar, U.S. Representative^[35]
• Allen West, former U.S. Representative^[36]

U.S. Governors

• Rick Snyder, Governor of Michigan^[37]

State Senators^[38][39][40]

• Judy Emmons
• Joe Hune
• Rick Jones
• John Proos
• Wayne Schmidt
• Mike Shirkey
• Jim Stamas

State Representatives^[38]

• Julie Alexander
• Sue Allor
• Tom Barrett
• John Bizon
• Lee Chatfield
• Triston Cole
• Laura Cox
• Gary Glenn
• Joseph Graves
• Beth Griffin
• Roger Hauck
• Michele Hoitenga
• Pamela Hornberger
• Holly Hughes
• Steven Johnson
• Bronna Kahle
• Beau LaFave
• Dan Lauwers
• Eric Leutheuser
• James Lower
• Pete Lucido
• Aaron Miller
• Dave Pagel
• Jason Sheppard
• Jim Tedder
• Curt VanderWall
• Hank Vaupel
• Roger Victory^[41]
• Jason Wentworth
• Mary Whiteford

Judges

• Robert P. Young Jr., former Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court^[26]

Cabinet-level officials

• John R. Bolton, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, current National Security Advisor^[42]

Individuals

• Dean Cain, actor^[43]
• Diamond and Silk, talk show hosts^[44]
• Hugh Hewitt, talk show host^[45]
• Ted Nugent, musician and political activist^[46]
• Robert O'Neill, former U.S. Navy SEAL^[47]
• Sandy Pensler, businessman^[48]
• Kid Rock, musician^[49]
• Donald Trump Jr., businessman and son of U.S. President Donald Trump^[50]
• Wayne Wood, former president of the Michigan Farm Bureau^[51]

Local officials

• Bob Bezotte, former Sheriff of Livingston County^[52]
• Michael Borkovich, Sheriff of Leelanau County^[52]
• Tim Donnellon, Sheriff of St. Clair County^[52]
• Bob Gatt, Novi Mayor^[39]
• Howie Hanft, Sheriff of Ogemaw County^[52]
• Mike Murphy, Sheriff of Livingston County^[52]
• Mark Northrup, Hudsonville Mayor^[53]
• L. Brooks Patterson, Executive of Oakland County^[54]
• Michael Taylor, Sterling Heights Mayor^[55]

Organizations

• Associated Builders and Contractors of Michigan^[56]
• Family Research Council Action PAC^[57]
• Grand Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce^[58]
• Michigan Chamber of Commerce^[59]
• Michigan Cattlemen's Association^[41]
• National Right to Life^[60]
• Right to Life of Michigan^[61]
• Senate Conservatives Fund^[62]
• Susan B. Anthony List^[63]
• U.S. Chamber of Commerce^[64]

Newspapers

• The Detroit News^[65]

Sandy Pensler

• Jon Bumstead, state representative^[66]
• Rand Paul, U.S. Senator from Kentucky^[67]
• Chuck Yob, former Republican National Committeeman^[66]

Bob Young Jr. (endorsed James)

Individuals

• John Engler, former Governor
• Ted Nugent, singer/songwriter^[68]
• Peter F. Secchia, former Ambassador to Italy

Debates

A debate was held between John James and Sandy Pensler on July 6 and televised by WKAR-TV. It was the only televised debate scheduled between the two candidates.^[69]

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	John James	Sandy Pensler	Other	Undecided
Mitchell Research[70]	July 30, 2018	413	± 5.0%	44%	30%	–	26%
EPIC-MRA[71]	July 21–22, 2018	1,045	± 3.1%	39%	38%	–	23%
Emerson College[72]	July 19–21, 2018	202	± 7.3%	28%	28%	–	44%
Marist College[73]	July 15–19, 2018	337	± 6.3%	30%	23%	1%	46%
National Research Inc. (R-Outsider PAC)[74]	July 11–14, 2018	600	± 4.0%	21%	28%	10%	41%
Target-Insyght[75]	June 24–26, 2018	400	± 5.0%	29%	32%	–	39%
Strategic National (R)[76]	June 16–21, 2018	1,000	± 3.1%	18%	33%	–	49%
Strategic National (R)[77]	June 9–10, 2018	400	± 4.9%	16%	29%	–	54%
Marketing Resource Group (R-Pensler)[78]	May 28–29, 2018	627	± 3.8%	26%	36%	–	38%
Strategic National (R)[79]	April 21, 2018	350	± 5.2%	13%	26%	–	61%
Strategic National (R)[80]	April 4–5, 2018	600	± 4.0%	12%	20%	–	68%
Denno Research[81]	April 2–3, 2018	500	± 4.0%	12%	16%	–	72%
Strategic National (R)[82]	March 19–20, 2018	400	± 4.9%	17%	21%	–	62%

Hypothetical polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	John James	Sandy Pensler	Fred Upton	Robert Young	Undecided
Strategic National (R)[83]	December 16–17, 2017	600	± 4.0%	9%	5%	–	11%	75%
Target-Insyght[84]	November 1–6, 2017	1,000	–	24%	–	19%	7%	–

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Lena Epstein	Bob Young	John James	Robert Ritchie	Undecided
Zogby Analytics[85]	September, 2017	–[a]	–	7%	3%	5%	29%	56%
Trafalgar Group (R)[86]	July 25–27, 2017	1,078	± 3.1%	9%	6%	7%	50%	28%
Target-Insyght[87]	July 25–27, 2017	344	± 5.35	8%	14%	16%	33%	29%

Results

Results by county:

  James

•   50–60%
•   60–70%

  Pensler

•   50–60%
•   60–70%

Republican primary results^[14]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	John James	518,564	54.67%
	Republican	Sandy Pensler	429,885	45.32%
	Write-in		57	<0.01%
Total votes			948,506	100.00%

Green Party Convention

The Green Party of Michigan picked their candidates at a state convention on May 5, 2018.

Declared

• Marcia Squier, Green nominee for MI-14 in 2016^[88]

Withdrew

• Anita Belle, activist^[89][90]

General election

Debates

• Complete video of debate, October 14, 2018
• Complete video of debate, October 15, 2018

Fundraising

Campaign finance reports as of October 17, 2018
Candidate (party)	Total receipts	Total disbursements	Cash on hand
Debbie Stabenow (D)	$17,449,325.17	$15,720,981.25	$2,842,613.58
John James (R)	$9,838,137.84	$7,953,403.16	$1,884,735.02
Source: Federal Election Commission[91]

Predictions

Source	Ranking	As of
The Cook Political Report[92]	Likely D	October 26, 2018
Inside Elections[93]	Safe D	November 1, 2018
Sabato's Crystal Ball[94]	Safe D	November 5, 2018
CNN[95]	Likely D	November 5, 2018
RealClearPolitics[96]	Lean D	November 5, 2018
Fox News[97][b]	Likely D	November 5, 2018

Notes

1. Not yet released, but is Republican primary subsample of full 800 voter sample in Michigan
2. The Fox News Midterm Power Rankings uniquely does not contain a category for Safe/Solid races

Endorsements

Debbie Stabenow (D)

U.S. Executive Branch officials

• Joe Biden, 47th Vice President of the United States^[98]
• Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States^[99]

U.S. Senators

• Gary Peters, U.S. Senator from Michigan^[100]

U.S. Representatives

• Joe Kennedy III, U.S. Representative^[101]
• Dan Kildee, U.S. Representative^[102]
• Brenda Lawrence, U.S. Representative^[103]

Organizations

• EMILY's List^[8]
• Feminist Majority Political Action Committee ^[104]
• League of Conservation Voters^[9]
• MI List^[10]
• National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare^[11]
• Natural Resources Defense Council^[9]
• Population Connection^[105]
• Sierra Club^[106]
• United Automobile Workers^[107]

Individuals

• Chelsea Handler, actress and television personality^[13]

John James (R)

U.S. Executive Branch officials

• Mike Pence, Vice President of the United States^[29]
• Donald Trump, President of the United States^[27][28]

U.S. Senators

• Marco Rubio, U.S. Senator from Florida^[30]

U.S. Representatives

• Jack Bergman, U.S. Representative (MI-1)^[31]
• Mike Bishop, U.S. Representative (MI-8)^[32]
• Bill Huizenga, U.S. Representative (MI-2)^[33]
• Paul Mitchell, U.S. Representative (MI-10)^[34]
• John Moolenaar, U.S. Representative (MI-4)^[35]
• Allen West, former U.S. Representative (FL-22)^[36]

U.S. Governors

• Rick Snyder, Governor of Michigan^[37]

State Senators^[38][39][40]

• Judy Emmons
• Joe Hune
• Rick Jones
• John Proos
• Wayne Schmidt
• Mike Shirkey
• Jim Stamas

State Representatives^[38]

• Julie Alexander
• Sue Allor
• Tom Barrett
• John Bizon
• Lee Chatfield
• Triston Cole
• Laura Cox
• Gary Glenn
• Joseph Graves
• Beth Griffin
• Roger Hauck
• Michele Hoitenga
• Pamela Hornberger
• Holly Hughes
• Steven Johnson
• Bronna Kahle
• Beau LaFave
• Dan Lauwers
• Eric Leutheuser
• James Lower
• Pete Lucido
• Aaron Miller
• Dave Pagel
• Jason Sheppard
• Jim Tedder
• Curt VanderWall
• Hank Vaupel
• Roger Victory^[41]
• Jason Wentworth
• Mary Whiteford

Judges

• Robert P. Young Jr., former Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court^[26]

Cabinet-level officials

• John R. Bolton, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, current National Security Advisor^[42]

Individuals

• Dean Cain, actor^[43]
• Diamond and Silk, talk show hosts^[44]
• Rudy Giuliani, former Mayor of New York City^[108][109]
• Hugh Hewitt, talk show host^[45]
• Mark Levin, lawyer, author, and radio personality^[110]
• Ted Nugent, musician and political activist^[46]
• Robert O'Neill, former U.S. Navy SEAL^[47]
• Sandy Pensler, businessman^[48]
• Jordan Peterson, clinical psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Toronto^[111]
• Kid Rock, musician^[49]
• Donald Trump Jr., businessman and son of U.S. President Donald Trump^[50]
• Wayne Wood, former president of the Michigan Farm Bureau^[51]

Local officials

• Bob Bezotte, former Sheriff of Livingston County^[52]
• Michael Borkovich, Sheriff of Leelanau County^[52]
• Tim Donnellon, Sheriff of St. Clair County^[52]
• Bob Gatt, Novi Mayor^[39]
• Howie Hanft, Sheriff of Ogemaw County^[52]
• Mike Murphy, Sheriff of Livingston County^[52]
• Mark Northrup, Hudsonville Mayor^[53]
• L. Brooks Patterson, Executive of Oakland County^[54]
• Michael Taylor, Sterling Heights Mayor^[55]

Organizations

• American Conservative Union^[112]
• Associated Builders and Contractors of Michigan^[56]
• Family Research Council Action PAC^[57]
• Grand Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce^[58]
• Michigan Cattlemen's Association^[41]
• Michigan Chamber of Commerce^[59]
• National Right to Life^[60]
• Right to Life of Michigan^[61]
• Senate Conservatives Fund^[62]
• Susan B. Anthony List^[63]
• U.S. Chamber of Commerce^[64]

Newspapers

• Daily Press^[113]
• The Detroit News^[65]
• Iron Mountain Daily News^[114]

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Debbie Stabenow (D)	John James (R)	Other	Undecided
Mitchell Research[115]	November 5, 2018	827	± 3.4%	49%	46%	1%	4%
The Trafalgar Group (R)[116]	November 2–5, 2018	1,817	± 2.3%	53%	44%	1%	2%
Mitchell Research[117]	November 4, 2018	701	± 3.7%	53%	46%	0%	1%
Change Research[118]	November 2–4, 2018	880	–	49%	47%	3%[119]	–
Research Co.[120]	November 1–3, 2018	450	± 4.6%	52%	36%	1%	11%
Gravis Marketing[121]	October 29–30, 2018	764	± 3.6%	54%	41%	–	6%
Glengariff Group[122]	October 25–27, 2018	600	± 4.0%	53%	36%	3%[123]	8%
Emerson College[124]	October 24–26, 2018	822	± 3.6%	52%	43%	1%	4%
Mitchell Research[125]	October 25, 2018	400	± 5.0%	52%	46%	0%	2%
Target-Insyght[126]	October 22–24, 2018	800	± 3.0%	53%	43%	4%[127]	1%
EPIC-MRA[128]	October 18–23, 2018	600	± 4.0%	49%	42%	5%	4%
The Tarrance Group (R)[129][A]	October 20–22, 2018	605	± 4.1%	48%	41%	4%	7%
Michigan State University[130]	October 13–22, 2018	169	–	49%	42%	–	–
Marketing Resource Group[131]	October 14–18, 2018	600	± 4.0%	53%	37%	–	5%
Mitchell Research[132]	September 30 – October 7, 2018	654	± 3.8%	51%	42%	–	8%
Glengariff Group[133]	September 30 – October 2, 2018	600	± 4.0%	53%	35%	3%	10%
EPIC-MRA[134]	September 21–25, 2018	600	± 4.0%	56%	33%	5%	6%
Ipsos[135]	September 14–24, 2018	1,150	± 3.0%	55%	35%	4%	6%
Target-Insyght[136]	September 10–14, 2018	800	± 3.0%	55%	40%	–	–
Mitchell Research[137]	September 12–13, 2018	1,009	± 3.0%	54%	41%	–	5%
Strategic National (R)[138]	September 8–9, 2018	1,000	± 3.1%	53%	35%	–	11%
Glengariff Group[139]	September 5–7, 2018	600	± 4.0%	56%	33%	2%	10%
Gravis Marketing[140]	August 14–16, 2018	647	± 3.9%	51%	35%	–	14%
Strategic National (R)[141]	August 13–14, 2018	700	± 3.7%	50%	35%	2%	13%
The Tarrance Group (R)[142][A]	August 11–14, 2018	602	± 4.1%	49%	38%	3%	9%
Emerson College[143]	July 19–21, 2018	600	± 4.3%	47%	29%	8%	17%
Marist College[73]	July 15–19, 2018	886	± 3.9%	55%	37%	1%	8%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[144]	June 11 – July 2, 2018	978	± 5.0%	54%	42%	–	4%
Glengariff Group[145]	January 16–19, 2018	600	± 4.0%	51%	30%	–	18%

Hypothetical polling

with Sandy Pensler

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Debbie Stabenow (D)	Sandy Pensler (R)	Other	Undecided
Emerson College[146]	July 19–21, 2018	600	± 4.3%	48%	32%	7%	13%
Marist College[73]	July 15–19, 2018	886	± 3.9%	52%	37%	1%	10%
SurveyMonkey/Axios[144]	June 11 – July 2, 2018	978	± 5.0%	53%	41%	–	5%
Glengariff Group[145]	January 16–19, 2018	600	± 4.0%	51%	30%	–	18%

with generic Democrat and Republican

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Debbie Stabenow (D)	Generic Republican	Undecided
SurveyMonkey/Axios[147]	February 12 – March 5, 2018	2,012	± 3.8%	49%	45%	6%

with Robert Ritchie (a.k.a. Kid Rock)

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Debbie Stabenow (D)	Robert Ritchie (R)	Undecided
Mitchell/Rosetta Stone[148]	October 1, 2017	558	± 4.2%	46%	38%	16%
Zogby Analytics[149]	September 19, 2017	800	± 3.4%	46%	36%	18%
Marketing Resource Group[150]	September 13–18, 2017	600	± 4.0%	52%	34%	14%
Target-Insyght[151]	July 25–27, 2017	822	± 3.5%	50%	42%	8%
Trafalgar Group (R)[86]	July 25–27, 2017	1,078	± 3.1%	46%	49%	5%

Results

Although Stabenow ended up winning the election by 6.5 percent, the margin was smaller than expected, considering the polling and past results of Senate elections in Michigan.^[4] Part of the relative closeness of the race has been attributed to the Stabenow campaign having run no negative ads against James during the election.^[152] Although James won most of Michigan's smaller counties, Stabenow won large margins in urban areas and modest margins in suburban areas. Stabenow trounced James in Wayne County, home of Detroit, and also performed well in Detroit's suburbs. She also easily won in Washtenaw County, home of Ann Arbor and Ingham County, home of Lansing. Kent County, home of Grand Rapids, also narrowly flipped to Stabenow, making this the first Senate election of her career in which she carried the county, and also the only county to flip her direction in 2018, and only the second time (after Carl Levin in 2008) a Democrat had carried the county since Donald Riegle in 1982. In addition to Stabenow's win, Democrats won the previously Republican-held offices of governor, secretary of state, and attorney general, ensuring that as of January 1, 2019, all elected statewide officials would be Democrats. James once again ran unsuccessfully for the other Senate seat in 2020, as he was defeated by incumbent Gary Peters. James would later be elected as a representative in Michigan's 10th congressional district in 2022.

2018 United States Senate election in Michigan ^[153]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Debbie Stabenow (incumbent)	2,214,478	52.26%	−6.54%
	Republican	John James	1,938,818	45.76%	+7.78%
	Green	Marcia Squier	40,204	0.95%	+0.35%
	Constitution	George Huffman III	27,251	0.65%	+0.09%
	Natural Law	John Howard Wilhelm	16,502	0.39%	+0.15%
	Write-in		18	<0.01%	N/A
Total votes			4,237,271	100.00%	N/A
	Democratic hold

Margin swing by county

Legend

•   Democratic—+<5%
•   Republican—+<5%
•   Republican—+5-10%
•   Republican—+10-15%
•   Republican—+15-20%
•   Republican—+20-25%
•   Republican—+25-30%
•   Republican—+30-35%
•   Republican—+35-40%
•   Republican—+>40%

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

• Alger (largest city: Munising)
• Alpena (largest city: Alpena)
• Arenac (largest city: Standish)
• Benzie (largest city: Frankfort)
• Clare (largest city: Clare)
• Delta (largest city: Escanaba)
• Gladwin (largest city: Gladwin)
• Gratiot (largest city: Alma)
• Iosco (largest city: East Tawas)
• Iron (largest city: Iron River)
• Jackson (largest city: Jackson)
• Lenawee (largest city: Adrian)
• Mason (largest city: Ludington)
• Menominee (largest city: Menominee)
• Ogemaw (largest city: West Branch)
• Ontonagon (largest village: Ontonagon)
• Presque Isle (largest city: Rogers City)
• Roscommon (largest settlement: Houghton Lake)
• Schoolcraft (largest city: Manistique)
• St. Clair (largest city: Port Huron)
• Bay (largest city: Bay City)
• Calhoun (largest city: Battle Creek)
• Lake (largest village: Baldwin)
• Manistee (largest city: Manistee)
• Monroe (largest city: Monroe)
• Saginaw (largest city: Saginaw)
• Shiawassee (largest city: Owosso)
• Van Buren (largest city: South Haven)
• Keweenaw (largest city: Ahmeek)
• Houghton (largest city: Houghton)
• Mackinac (largest city: St. Ignace)
• Dickinson (largest city: Iron Mountain)
• Baraga (largest city: Baraga)
• Luce (largest city: Newberry)
• Chippewa (largest city: Sault Ste. Marie)
• Montmorency (largest city: Lewiston)
• Cheboygan (largest city: Cheboygan)
• Crawford (largest city: Grayling)
• Oscoda (largest city: Mio)
• Alcona (largest city: Harrisville)
• Wexford (largest city: Cadillac)
• Huron (largest city: Bad Axe)
• Sanilac (largest city: Sandusky)
• Tuscola (largest city: Caro)
• Lapeer (largest city: Lapeer)
• Ionia (largest city: Ionia)
• Montcalm (largest city: Greenville)

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

• Kent (largest city: Grand Rapids)

By congressional district

Stabenow and James each won seven of 14 congressional districts.^[154]

District	Stabenow	James	Representative
1st	43%	54%	Jack Bergman
2nd	43%	55%	Bill Huizenga
3rd	47%	51%	Justin Amash
4th	41%	57%	John Moolenaar
5th	55%	43%	Dan Kildee
6th	47%	50%	Fred Upton
7th	45%	53%	Tim Walberg
8th	49.4%	49.0%	Elissa Slotkin
9th	58%	40%	Andy Levin
10th	40%	58%	Paul Mitchell
11th	51%	48%	Haley Stevens
12th	66%	32%	Debbie Dingell
13th	80%	18%	Rashida Tlaib
14th	79%	20%	Brenda Lawrence

Notes

Partisan clients

1. Poll conducted for James' campaign.