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2003

Calendar year From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2003rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 3rd year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 4th year of the 2000s decade.

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From top left, clockwise: the crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; Myspace launches becoming one of the first major social media platforms; protests in London against the invasion of Iraq; a drained river in France during the European heatwave; an earthquake in Bam, Iran kills 30,000 people; abuse and torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison by U.S. personnel; a statue of Saddam Hussein is toppled in Baghdad after his regime was deposed during the Iraq War.

2003 was designated by the United Nations as the International Year of Freshwater.[1]

In 2003, a United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, starting the Iraq War.

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Demographics

The world population on January 1, 2003, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people and increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2004.[2] An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2003.[2] The average global life expectancy was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2002.[2] The rate of child mortality was 6.85%, a decrease of 0.27pp from 2002.[3] 25.54% of people were living in extreme poverty, a decrease of 1.31pp from 2002.[4]

There were approximately 10.6 million global refugees at the beginning of 2003, and the number was reduced to 9.7 million refugees by the end of the year.[5] Afghanistan was the largest source of refugees, with a total of 2.1 million at the end of the year.[5]

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Conflicts

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Further information: Category:Conflicts in 2003

There were 29 armed conflicts affecting 22 countries in 2003. This was a net decrease from 31 conflicts in 2002.[6]: 625  The deadliest conflicts were in Iraq, Kashmir, Liberia, Nepal, and Sudan.[6]: 627 

The European Union engaged in its first military operation when it sent peacekeepers to Macedonia and its first operation outside of Europe when it sent 1,500 soldiers to enforce a ceasefire in the Democratic Republic of the Congo until operations were taken over by the UN mission MONUSCO. NATO launched its first operation outside of Europe or North America when it took command of the International Security Assistance Force in the fight against Afghan insurgencies.[7]: 250–251  ECOWAS peacekeepers and American marines were deployed to Liberia when civil war resumed in August, until the United Nations Mission in Liberia took over operations in September.[7]: 251 

Internal conflicts

The Colombian conflict against two Marxist militant groups—the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the National Liberation Army—escalated in 2003.[8]: 101  The government negotiated an agreement for the right-wing militant group United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia to disband as a means to deescalate the conflict.[8]: 102 

The First Ivorian Civil War was halted in 2003 amid a ceasefire while France and the states of ECOWAS intervened. Peace talks fell apart on March 7 until the ceasefire was restored on May 3, only to be broken again on September 23. The war was left in a frozen state at the end of 2003 with rebels controlling parts of the country.[8]: 115–116  The Second Liberian Civil War against Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy escalated when the Movement for Democracy in Liberia split off as its own faction.[8]: 116  President Charles Taylor resigned on August 2, allowing a peace agreement to take place on August 18.[8]: 118 

The Indonesian insurgency in Aceh escalated when a demilitarization agreement failed and the government renewed its offensive in May.[8]: 126  Indonesia declared martial law and launched an attack against the Free Aceh Movement, killing at least 1,100 and capturing another 2,000 out of the movement's total 5,000 members.[7]: 250 

The Moro conflict in the Philippines deescalated when the Philippine government agreed to peace talks with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in July, though conflicts with other groups continued.[8]: 129  A truce between Nepal and Maoist rebels held until conflict resumed in August. Australia deployed 2,000 soldiers to the Solomon Islands in July as a response to internal unrest.[7]: 250 

The Sri Lankan Civil War continued in 2003 as peace talks failed, and long-running civil wars in Burundi and in Uganda both escalated.[8]: 107–112  The Second Sudanese Civil War escalated as new militant groups joined the conflict,[6]: 628  though a security agreement was reached between the National Islamic Front and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on September 25.[8]: 119  The Second Chechen War continued in Russia: the Russian government held a referendum for a new Chechen constitution and offered amnesty for Chechen rebels, but terror attacks continued.[8]: 125 

International conflicts

A coalition of countries led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia led an invasion of Iraq beginning on March 20, warning that Iraq had been operating a program to develop weapons of mass destruction. The subsequent Iraq War became the most publicized conflict in 2003.[6]: 627–628  The coalition quickly defeated the Iraqi Armed Forces, and American president George W. Bush gave a speech on May 1 declaring victory in the war.[9]: 2  The subsequent Iraqi insurgency proved more deadly than the invasion by the end of the year.[9]: 3  The most significant insurgency action was a bombing on August 19 that targeted United Nations personnel in Baghdad, killing UN Special Representative Sérgio Vieira de Mello among many others.[7]: 209  Doubts were raised throughout the year whether Iraq had been developing the weapons of which it was accused.[9]: 3 

The Kashmir conflict slowed until a bombing in Mumbai killed 52 people.[7]: 250  A ceasefire took effect on November 23.[8]: 95 

Al-Qaeda remained active, launching suicide bombings in Afghanistan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. On September 10, its leaders Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri released their first video statement since 2001, celebrating the September 11 attacks. Al-Qaeda figures Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Riduan Isamuddin were captured in March and August, respectively.[10]: 74 

The Second Intifada continued into 2003 as conflict between Israel and Palestine killed 400 people in suicide bombings by Palestinians and military strikes by the Israel Defense Forces.[8]: 104  Israel constructed the West Bank barrier, which it described as a measure to prevent suicide bombings and Palestine described as a measure to impose segregation.[10]: 76  Israel also launched bombings against Lebanon and Syria following attacks in Israel.[7]: 250 

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Culture

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Art and architecture

The most widely-publicized art exhibition in 2003 was the 50th Venice Biennale.[7]: 157  The most popular exhibitions were for Leonardo da Vinci and Thomas Struth, both held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art where they attracted thousands of visitors each day.[9]: 525  The "Rembrandt's Journey" collected various Rembrandt works, including etchings and drawings, at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.[7]: 159  The 7000 Years of Persian Art tour took place as a rare international collaboration from the National Museum of Iran.[9]: 525  Descent into Limbo by Andrea Mantegna was the most prominent Old Master artwork to be sold in 2003, going for US$28.6 million.[9]: 526  Street photography made a return in the art community, and the International Center of Photography held an exhibition on the subject.[7]: 160 

The Amber Room of Catherine Palace, which existed from 1717 to 1945, finished reconstruction in 2003. The Albertina art museum in Vienna reopened, and the Asian Civilisations Museum was established in Singapore.[9]: 525  The government of the Netherlands began returning items from its collection of works it acquired from Nazi Germany, the Nederlands Kunstbezit-collectie.[9]: 526 

Plans to replace the World Trade Center remained a focus of the architecture world in 2003. Architects David Childs and Daniel Libeskind were placed in charge of the project. An inquiry was opened into the ongoing construction of the Scottish Parliament Building when its expected cost increased tenfold.[9]: 527  The Walt Disney Concert Hall opened in Los Angeles to positive reception after sixteen years of development.[7]: 153  The Gherkin finished construction in London and the Silodam housing complex opened in Amsterdam.[7]: 154  Construction of the new Olympic Stadium of Athens went slower than expected, causing concern that Athens would not be ready to host the 2004 Summer Olympics.[9]: 528 

Museums and libraries were looted and burned during riots in Baghdad following the invasion of Iraq.[9]: 2 [7]: 212  About 10,000 items were taken from the Iraq Museum, though many were returned by the end of the year, and several items were taken from the Mosul Museum. The Iraq National Library and Archive was burned down, destroying 500,000 books and 12 million Ottoman documents. The lost treasure of Tillya Tepe was found in Saddam Hussein's position.[9]: 524 

Economic hardship and geopolitical events prompted a global shift toward affordable popular fashion. Face masks with fake brand logos became popular in Hong Kong during the SARS epidemic.[7]: 200 

Media

Main articles: 2003 in film, 2003 in music, and 2003 in video games

The highest-grossing films globally in 2003 were The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Finding Nemo, and The Matrix Reloaded. The highest-grossing non-English film was Bayside Shakedown 2 (Japanese), the 39th highest-grossing film of the year.[11] Critically acclaimed films from 2003 include Finding Nemo,[12][13][14][15] Lost in Translation,[12][14][16] and Master and Commander.[12][13][16]

Music sales in 2003 amounted to about 2.7 billion units, a decline of 6.5% from 2002. DVD music video thrived in 2003 at the expense of singles and cassettes.[17] CD sales overall saw a large decline in favor of internet downloads.[7]: 162  Globally, the best-selling albums of the year were Come Away with Me by Norah Jones, Get Rich or Die Tryin' by 50 Cent, and Meteora by Linkin Park. No non-English albums were among the global top fifty albums sold in 2003.[18]

Singapore Press Holdings and StarHub launched a jointly-owned SARS channel that provided news about the disease, while UNICEF, Probe Media Foundation, Asia News Channel, and National Broadcasting Network established a program on Kabataan News Network that taught teenagers to produce news reports.[7]: 241  The Daily Sun launched in South Africa as a newspaper targeted toward black audiences as recovery from Apartheid continued and became an immediate success.[7]: 243  Former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori began a radio show, The Chino's Hour, from exile in Japan.[7]: 242  The television programs Queer Eye and Saudi Women Speak Out provided unprecedented media outlets for American gay men and Saudi women, respectively. Also successful in 2003 was the Taiwanese soap opera Liow sing hua yen.[7]: 240–241 

When decentralized peer-to-peer file sharing replaced the centralized platform Napster as a means to pirate music, the Recording Industry Association of America began directing legal action against individual users who uploaded pirated songs rather than the platforms themselves, filing a total of 382 lawsuits.[9]: 483  The iTunes Store launched on April 28 and was immediately successful, selling over 10 million songs over the next four months.[10]: 87  This was touted as a possible solution to music piracy.[9]: 483 

The GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox remained the most popular video game consoles, although the GameCube faced poor sales. Nokia introduced the N-Gage, which functioned as both a phone and a handheld game console.[7]: 168 

The popularity of the Harry Potter franchise meant that the publication of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was the largest literary event in 2003, with the book itself becoming one of the longest children's books ever published at 768 pages.[9]: 529  Its release brought significant growth in the publishing and bookseller industries, and a crackdown on pirated copies of the book in India led to an injunction against the publisher Pushpa Prakashan.[7]: 244–245 

Composer Sergei Prokofiev was honored in many performances throughout the world for the 50th anniversary of his death.[9]: 507  Ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev was similarly honored in Europe for the 10th anniversary of his death.[9]: 510  The opera industry was negatively affected by a decline in tourism and other economic factors in Europe and North America, and many productions were canceled.[9]: 505 

Through the internet, flash mobs developed as a social trend in 2003.[7]: 168 

Sports

Main article: 2003 in sports

The England national rugby union team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup, making them the first Northern Hemisphere team to do so.[9]: 534  Australia won the 2003 Cricket World Cup, coming out victorious in every match they played, while Kenya had upset victories that took them to the semi-finals.[9]: 535  In tennis, players Roger Federer, Andy Roddick, and Juan Carlos Ferrero won their first Grand Slams in 2003,[19][9]: 538  while Martina Navratilova tied with the record of twenty Wimbledon titles set by Billie Jean King.[9]: 539  Lennox Lewis successfully defended his status as the heavyweight boxing champion against Vitali Klitschko.[9]: 540 

The transfer of footballer David Beckham from Manchester United F.C. to Real Madrid CF for £17.25 million was widely publicized. The UEFA Euro 2004 qualifications took place in 2003, where Turkey's defeat in a game against Latvia came as an upset after Turkey had been semi-finalists in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[9]: 533  Other major upsets took place in golf when Ben Curtis defeated some of the sport's top players in his first major competition at the 2003 Open Championship,[19][9]: 539  and in Major League Baseball when the Florida Marlins defeated the New York Yankees in the 2003 World Series.[9]: 541 

The 2003 World Championships in Athletics saw Hicham El Guerrouj become the fourth man to win four successive world track titles and Carolina Klüft become the first woman in seven years to score more than 7,000 points in the heptathlon. Athletics was plagued with the discovery of THG steroids, which the United States accused the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative of providing to athletes.[9]: 537  Michael Schumacher remained the dominant driver in the 2003 Formula One World Championship, winning 11 of 17 races and claiming his sixth championship.[9]: 539  Lance Armstrong won the 2003 Tour de France, giving him his fifth victory.[9]: 540 

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Economy

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The global economy was weak in the first half of 2003 as uncertainty arose from Middle Eastern conflict, the spread of SARS, and major corporate scandals in 2002.[9]: 9  It improved in the second half of the year as it recovered from the early 2000s recession, brought about by low interest rates and expansionary fiscal policy. The United States led the recovery, while China and Japan also made significant contributions. The economic situation improved in Latin America and Africa, while Western Europe saw slower recovery.[20] The Eurozone had a low GDP growth of 0.5%.[9]: 12  Questions arose around the Eurozone as the British economy fared better than those which had adopted the euro, while a referendum in Sweden showed strong opposition to its adoption.[7]: 351  Developing countries did especially well with a growth rate of 5%, compared to the 1.8% growth in developed countries.[7]: 173  Argentina emerged from its economic crisis after four years, reaching the year's highest GDP in the Western Hemisphere with 7% growth.[9]: 11 

The gross world product increased by 2.5% in 2003, and international trade increased by 4.75%.[20] The invasion of Iraq caused markets to fluctuate, first through a significant increase and then a decline as the war's financial cost became apparent and the 2003 Istanbul bombings shocked the economy.[7]: 177  The faltering of foreign direct investment made its increase an economic goal throughout the world, with 70 countries implementing at least one new law to this end.[7]: 173 

The price of petroleum fell after the invasion of Iraq concluded and rose again following an announcement that OPEC would reduce its output.[7]: 182  The prices of non-fuel commodities, such as metal, minerals, and agricultural materials, increased during the year.[20] Gold, copper, nickel, and aluminum all saw increases in value.[7]: 182 

Potential mergers and acquisitions in the media industry were a topic of discussion in 2003. Protestors in the United States objected to loosening of Federal Communications Commission regulations around television station ownership, causing the US Congress and the courts to overrule the changes. American company Liberty Media acquired UnitedGlobalCom and purchased shares in QVC to reach 98% ownership.[7]: 239  HKATV CEO Chan Wing-kee purchased shares in HKATV in Hong Kong so that he had half ownership, while Hong Kong businessman Li Ka-shing purchased 64% of China Entertainment Television.[7]: 240  A merger between TCL Electronics and Thomson created the world's largest television set manufacturer.[7]: 241  The largest purchase of the newspaper industry in 2003 occurred when John Fairfax Holdings of Australia acquired Independent Newspapers of New Zealand, while a merger also took place between Denmark's two largest newspapers, Jyllands-Posten and Politiken.[7]: 243 

The Italian food company Parmalat and the Dutch supermarket company Ahold were the subjects of major corporate scandals in 2003.[9]: 12  These were the latest among a series of corporate corruption scandals over the previous years that led the United States and a coalition of European countries to reform their policies on the matter.[9]: 15  The airline industry began a slow recovery from the serious decline it faced after the September 11 attacks.[7]: 182 

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Environment and weather

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Main article: 2003 in the environment
See also: List of earthquakes in 2003 and Tropical cyclones in 2003

2003 tied with 2002 as the second hottest year on record, behind only 1998. The year began during an El Niño period that continued until April. A major heatwave occurred in Europe during the summer, causing approximately 70,000 deaths, 14,000 in France alone. Severe cold weather affected Asia, North America, and Peru. 2003 saw low precipitation, causing droughts in Australia, the United States, and Zimbabwe. The previous year's droughts in Asia were alleviated by heavy precipitation in the region.[21] Several studies in 2003 indicated that climate change was causing a global increase in droughts as well as the ranges and life cycles of flora and fauna.[7]: 172 

Several reports were published in 2003 forecasting severe negative effects of global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change determined that approximately one million species risked extinction if no preventative measures were implemented, and the World Wide Fund for Nature determined that the fresh water access of 7 billion people would be at risk by 2050 because of global warming and other causes.[9]: 485  Reports also warned about the potential destruction of the Amazon rainforest and provided evidence that widespread destruction of coral was taking place.[9]: 487 

Major earthquakes in 2003 included a magnitude 6.8 earthquake in Algeria on May 21 that killed over 2,200 people and a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in Iran on December 26 that killed about 50,000 people.[22] Approximately 85% of Bam, Iran, was destroyed.[7]: 170  The largest earthquake of the year was a magnitude 8.3 earthquake off the coast of Hokkaido, but it did not cause significant damage.[7]: 170  Major volcano eruptions included Stromboli, Italy; Reventador, Ecuador; Soufrière Hills, Montserrat; Volcán de Fuego, Guatemala; and Anatahan, Mariana Islands.[7]: 171 

The 2003 Atlantic hurricane season was above average in activity, including sixteen named storms of which seven were hurricanes. The most severe hurricanes were Hurricane Fabian, Hurricane Isabel, and Hurricane Kate. Tropical Storm Ana was the first recorded North Atlantic tropical storm to occur in April, and 2003 was the first year since 1887 to have two tropical storms occur in December.[23] The 2003 Pacific typhoon season was slightly more intense than average, though the overall number of tropical storms was below average with 23 total storms. The most destructive typhoons were Typhoon Dujuan, which made landfall in Guangdong, China, on September 2, and Typhoon Maemi, which made landfall in South Korea on September 12.[24]

International agreements about the environment that came into force included the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety on September 11, the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants on October 23, and the Protocol on Heavy Metals on December 29.[9]: 493  The Earth Observation Summit was hosted by the United States in July to coordinate climate studies.[7]: 172  The capture or killing of whales and dolphins was a major topic in 2003, as was African poaching where the collection of bushmeat threatened chimpanzee and gorilla populations.[7]: 196 

A study in August caused alarm when it was determined that people across 17 countries were at risk of arsenic poisoning from groundwater.[7]: 196  The Tasman Spirit oil spill occurred in Pakistan on July 28, and cleanup of the previous year's Prestige oil spill continued throughout 2003.[7]: 195  Other environmental disasters included the bursting of a pulp factory's caustic soda reservoir on March 29 in Cataguases, Brazil[7]: 196  and the explosion of a well-head in Alaska.[9]: 487  The sinking of Soviet submarine K-159 caused worries about leakage of its spent nuclear fuel, but no such leakage was found.[10]: 83 

Purnululu National Park in Australia, Three Parallel Rivers in China, Uvs Lake Basin in Mongolia and Russia, Monte San Giorgio in Switzerland, and Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park in Vietnam were recognized as World Heritage Sites.[7]: 197  Construction began on MOSE, a set of sea gates in Venice designed to prevent the city's perpetual flooding.[10]: 78  China began use of the Three Gorges Dam along the Yangtze.[9]: 488  The overthrow of Saddam Hussein in Iraq ended his project to construct a dam that would have flooded the ruins of Assur.[9]: 524 

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Health

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Further information: Category:2003 in health

The World Health Organization set "shaping the future" as its health focus for 2003, seeking to improve health systems and primary health care for the poor.[25] It adopted its first international agreement, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.[9]: 493  Member states also granted WHO increased authority to take action in states without their approval to combat global health crises.[7]: 347  Global food production increased from 2002 but fell short of the amount produced in 2001, and much of southern Africa was dependent on food aid early in the year following drought-related crop failures in 2002.[7]: 146 

SARS, caused by the SARS-CoV-1 virus, became a major health concern in early 2003.[26] China informed WHO in February that an unknown infectious disease was spreading in the country, and WHO issued its first global alert the following month.[7]: 201  Fearing a pandemic, it issued a recommendation to avoid non-essential travel to Guangdong and Hong Kong where the largest outbreaks occurred.[10]: 137  There were 8,098 cases, including 774 that ended in death, and the final case was diagnosed in June.[7]: 201 

A large spike in polio cases led WHO to redirect its global polio immunization program to the thirteen most-affected countries.[7]: 201  A breakout in West Africa led to a massive vaccination drive where hundreds of thousands of participants helped vaccinate the children of Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, and Togo over three days in October.[7]: 202  Following a summit on measles the same month, UNICEF and WHO organized a measles vaccination drive in Uganda that brought the nation's child measles vaccination rate to 100% in two weeks.[7]: 201  The RTS,S malaria vaccine began trials for children in Mozambique after it was shown to be safe for adults in several nations, while human trials for an Ebola vaccine began in the United States.[9]: 480 

Record numbers of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths occurred in 2003 with an estimated five million new cases and three million deaths. Although the disease grew, UNAIDS and WHO reformed how they estimated the total cases and reduced the estimate from 42 million to 40 million.[7]: 202  The AIDSVAX vaccine by VaxGen underwent two trials but was unsuccessful.[26][7]: 203  The first fusion inhibitor treatment for AIDS, enfuvirtide, was approved in the United States in March. Evidence was presented at an International AIDS Society meeting in July that about 10% of HIV infections in Europe had acquired resistance to antiretroviral treatments.[7]: 202  In response to concerns about the feasibility of treating HIV in Africa, several pharmaceutical companies reduced prices of antiretroviral drugs by up to 50% for countries in Africa and the Caribbean.[7]: 203 

Other major disease outbreaks include an outbreak of mpox (then known as monkeypox) in May and June in the United States—the first mpox outbreak in the Western Hemisphere—with 72 reported cases,[7]: 202  the spread of avian influenza to poultry in Europe with one human case in Hong Kong that proved fatal, and two instances of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows in Canada and the United States.[7]: 147 

Multiple treatments for cancer were tested or approved in 2003 with varying results, including Avastin, Erbitux, Genasense, Velcade,[26] and Letrozole.[7]: 206  Several studies were published in 2003 warning of health effects for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, causing fear around the procedure.[26] Analysis of retroviral gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency found that its life-threatening side effects were caused by the retrovirus affecting the LMO2 gene.[26] Study of bone marrow cells cast doubt on cellular differentiation in stem-cell therapy, moving focus toward cell fusion.[26]

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Politics and law

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A conference held by the World Trade Organization in September resulted in a dispute between nations that cast doubts on whether the agreements of the Doha Development Round were sustainable.[9]: 14  Developing nations alleged that their input was being excluded by Western powers.[7]: 147  The use of farming subsidies, particularly by Europe, Japan, and the United States, was challenged here because of their effect on developing nations. This dispute led to the creation of the G21 (later the G20 developing nations).[9]: 485 

Ten European countries signed accession agreements in April that would make them members of the European Union in May 2004.[9]: 12  This included the first eight post-Soviet states to be approved for membership.[7]: 350  The European Commission objected to some of the admissions, arguing that the countries had weak legal institutions and were plagued with corruption.[7]: 352  The first draft of a potential Constitution of the European Union was written by former French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and presented to the EU in June.[7]: 351 

Several free trade areas were proposed or negotiated in 2003, including separate zones for the Andean Community, ASEAN, Central America, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Southern Cone Common Market, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation,[9]: 14  and the Western Hemisphere's Free Trade Area of the Americas.[7]: 147  Some of these were conditional on political reform and democratization.[9]: 14 

Liberian president Charles Taylor fled the country on August 1 and was replaced by Gyude Bryant, a compromise between the different factions of the Liberian Civil War, on October 14.[10]: 80  Nigeria declined to extradite Taylor to Sierra Leone where he was under indictment.[7]: 208  President Fradique de Menezes of São Tomé and Príncipe and President Kumba Ialá of Guinea-Bissau were overthrown by military coups in July and in September, respectively, but de Menezes resumed control following negotiations.[7]: 250 

North Korea became the first nation to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, and on February 6 it announced the restoration of its nuclear weapons program. Several nations engaged in tenuous negotiations with North Korea throughout the year, but no agreements were made.[10]: 81  Iran announced its own program to produce enriched uranium in violation of its agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency, disclosing this as an attempt to avoid sanctions.[10]: 83 

Political discourse around migration expanded in 2003 from a focus on irregular migration and right of asylum to a more general focus on how inflows of migrants affected trade and the workforce. Many countries expressed interest in regional agreements to manage migration and several summits were held in different parts of the world.[7]: 288–289 

A series of protests took place in Hong Kong following the implementation of laws by China that limited the rights of the Hongkongers.[10]: 82 

Russian businessman Mikhail Khodorkovsky was arrested on October 27 in what was seen internationally as political persecution by the government to exercise control over Russian oligarchs.[10]: 82 

The leader of Libya, Muammar Gaddafi, admitted fault in the 1988 downing of Pan Am Flight 103 and offered reparations to the victims' family members, prompting the United States to petition for the removal of international sanctions against Libya.[10]: 82  He also agreed to end any plans for a nuclear weapons program in Libya as scrutiny of nuclear programs around the world increased.[9]: 6 

Serbian prime minister Zoran Đinđić was assassinated on March 12, prompting a crackdown on a criminal organization that supported former dictator Slobodan Milošević, whom Đinđić had ousted.[10]: 82  Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh was murdered on September 10.[7]: 210 

The North Korean Pong Su was seized by Australia in April after the ship smuggled heroin into the country.[7]: 210 

The secular Shinui party gained influence in Israel following a public debate on the role of Judaism in Israeli politics.[9]: 473 

The United Nations began its Literacy Decade program in 2003 with the goal of reducing global illiteracy by 50%.[7]: 187 

Armenia abolished its death penalty so it would be in compliance with Council of Europe obligations.[7]: 211 

Argentina attempted to extradite 40 people accused of crimes against Spanish nationals during the Dirty War, but Spain did not accept them.[7]: 208 

Russia established a military base in Kant, Kyrgyzstan, as Russian Federation's first foreign military base.[7]: 251 

Argentina revoked amnesty for those who had people killed during the Dirty War, and a trial began for General Antonio Domingo Bussi.[7]: 287 

The government of Myanmar arrested opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and other pro-democracy activists on May 30.[7]: 288 

Cambodia and Nepal became the first developing countries to be approved for World Trade Organization membership through a working-party negotiation.[7]: 347 

International law

The American-led invasion of Iraq dominated discourse around international law and sparked debate about when such actions are justified. Military intervention was supported by countries such as Australia, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and much of Eastern Europe, while its strongest opponents included China, France, Germany, and Russia.[9]: 491  American president George W. Bush said that he was invoking a legal right to self defense through preemptive war and that Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter allowed the use of force to restore international security.[7]: 207  The US held that the invasion was legally authorized under United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990), as well as Resolution 687 (1991) and Resolution 1441 (2002). This was challenged on the basis that Resolution 678 could no longer be assumed to apply and that the Security Council had not affirmed Iraq was in violation of its order.[9]: 491  The United Nations played a critical role in international discourse around the invasion as its relations with the United States were strained.[7]: 346  International relations were similar troubled in Europe where British support for the war brought the UK into diplomatic conflict with much of Western Europe.[7]: 351  The US was criticized for holding suspected terrorists without due process and subjecting them to torture.[7]: 287  The Iraqi president Saddam Hussein went into hiding as the invasion took place, but he was discovered and arrested six months later.[9]: 4  The Iraqi government was replaced by the Coalition Provisional Authority, led by the United States military.[7]: 248  The UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1511 on October 16 to approve American-led governance in Iraq to ensure stability.[7]: 346 

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) accepted two new cases in 2003: a border dispute case between Malaysia and Singapore and a dispute over the United States' application of the death penalty against Mexican nationals. It declined to impose any provisional measures in an ongoing case regarding France's claim of universal criminal jurisdiction. The United Nations General Assembly requested an advisory opinion from the ICJ regarding the construction of the West Bank barrier by Israel. A case filed by Libya against the United Kingdom and the United States regarding the 1988 downing of Pan Am Flight 103 was settled outside of court.[9]: 491  The ICJ ruled in the Oil Platforms case that American force was not justified in the 1987 attacks on Iranian oil platforms but that it had not broken the 1955 treaty as Iran alleged. It rejected appeals of a 1992 border dispute between El Salvador and Honduras and a 1996 decision that the ICJ had jurisdiction in Yugoslavia at the time.[9]: 492 

The International Criminal Court was inaugurated in March with Argentine lawyer Luis Moreno Ocampo as its first chief prosecutor. The United States pressured dozens of nations to sign bilateral immunity agreements affirming that they would not extradite American nationals to the ICC.[7]: 208  Belgium repealed its war crimes law that it had used to claim universal jurisdiction over all war crimes committed anywhere in the world.[7]: 207 

The UN Security Council determined that two separate prosecutors should be appointed for the criminal tribunals for Rwanda and for Yugoslavia instead of keeping them under a single prosecutor. The tribunal for Rwanda confirmed the conviction of Georges Rutaganda, and it convicted Elizaphan Ntakirutimana as the first of several clerics it was prosecuting. It also sentenced several journalists to prison for their role in the Rwandan genocide, marking the first conviction of crimes against humanity for journalists since the Nuremberg trials.[9]: 494  The tribunal for Yugoslavia sentenced Biljana Plavšić to 11 years in prison and Milomir Stakić to 20 years for crimes against humanity, while Stanislav Galić was convicted of terrorism for attacks on civilians in the Siege of Sarajevo.[9]: 495  Prison guard Predrag Banović was also sentenced.[7]: 207  Terms for the creation of a Khmer Rouge Tribunal in Cambodia were agreed on in June.[9]: 495  The Council of Europe proposed a tribunal to prosecute Russians who committed war crimes against the people of Chechnya.[7]: 207 

North Korea announced its withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in January and ended its non-proliferation agreement with South Korea in May.[7]: 250  The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty came into effect in June.[7]: 248 

The Migrant Workers Convention came into effect on July 1. The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, the first UN measure on the issue, came into force on September 29. The United Nations Convention Against Corruption opened for signing on December 9.[9]: 493 

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Religion

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A week of celebrations were held in Vatican City for the 25th anniversary of the election of Pope John Paul II. The events included the beatification of Mother Teresa.[10]: 98  John Paul II became the first pope to enter a mosque when he visited the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus on May 6. The church's sexual abuse scandals continued into 2003.[9]: 471  Cambodia banned Christian proselytizing in February, and Saudi Arabia banned the construction of Christian churches in March.[7]: 279 

Several Christian denominations debated homosexuality and same-sex marriages in 2003. The Catholic Dicastery for the Causes of Saints, the Southern Baptist Convention, and the Coptic Orthodox Church all took stances against it,[7]: 277  while the United Church of Christ endorsed the inclusion of transgender people.[7]: 278  The Anglican Communion was embroiled in debate about its stance on homosexuality when Rowan Williams was made Archbishop of Canterbury on February 27 and expressed concern that the issue was fragmenting the church. Jeffrey John was nominated as Bishop of Reading in May, but his relationship with a man caused controversy and prompted him to decline. A similar debate took place when the gay reverend Gene Robinson was made Bishop of New Hampshire on November 2.[9]: 470 [7]: 277 

Many saw the American-led invasion of Iraq was seen as an attack on Islam.[9]: 471  Organized efforts were made by political and religious leaders in the Muslim world to differentiate typical Islam from extremism. Religious strife occurred in Saudi Arabia where Wahhabi Muslims supported stricter application of Islamic law—some engaging in civil unrest and suicide bombings—while other denominations spoke in favor of tolerance for minority religions and women.[9]: 472  Terrorist attacks took place throughout the Middle East, including a car bombing at the Imam Ali Shrine that killed Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, the most prominent pro-US cleric in Iraq, and at least 80 other people.[7]: 278 

French society and the French government, especially within the National Front, took a hostile approach toward Muslims in 2003. A proposal was made to ban religious attire in schools, while at the same time the country's first Muslim-run school was opened in Lille.[9]: 473 

Hindus were allowed to enter an 11th-century memorial in Bhojshala, Madhya Pradesh, after a five-year ban against Hindus culminated in violence.[7]: 279  Controversy erupted in the Hindu world after the reprint of Ganesa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings by Paul Courtright and the publication of Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India by James Laine. Both of these books were seen as offensive by some Hindu groups, causing the writers and publishers to receive threats and harassment.[9]: 474 

Judaism was marked with disputes between different sects, both in Israel and the United Kingdom. Israel debated whether Haredi Jews should be allowed to retain exemptions to certain laws.[9]: 473  The British Masorti Rabbi Louis Jacobs was not permitted in an Orthodox ceremony for his granddaughter's marriage on the orders of the beth din in London, reigniting the Jacobs Affair of the 1960s.[9]: 474 

The Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha Southall opened in London as the largest Sikh temple outside of India.[7]: 279–280 

Haiti allowed practitioners of voodoo to register with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religion.[7]: 279 

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Science

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Archaeology

The 2002 discovery of the James Ossuary, the suspected resting place of James, brother of Jesus, was challenged by the Israel Antiquities Authority when it accused Oded Golan of fabricating the discovery.[7]: 150  A Liao dynasty coffin was opened during a live televised broadcast in Mongolia, revealing the remains of a nobleman.[7]: 151 

Other discoveries announced in 2003 include a religious burial site from c. 9000 BC in Kfar HaHoresh, a sanctuary to Zeus in the Greek city Dion, the first Pleistocene cave art to be found in Great Britain at Creswell Crags, Bronze Age weapons and jewelry in Tyrol,[7]: 150  Viking treasure from c. 1020 on the Isle of Man, six 4th-century Roman shoes near Amsterdam, a Spring and Autumn period tomb in Henan, a wall of Mandan defensive fortifications at Double Ditch in North Dakota, a Mississippian building in Illinois, Olmec seals that are among the oldest New World writing, burial sites in Teotihuacan,[7]: 151  a 4000-year-old gourd fragment with religious decorations,[7]: 280  and the 1898 wreckage of the Portland off the coast of Massachusetts.[7]: 152 

Biology and genetics

The Herto Man fossils, first discovered in Ethiopia in 1997, were dated to approximately 160,000 years ago and proposed as a human subspecies Homo sapiens idaltu. The findings provided additional evidence for the theory that humans originated in Africa.[7]: 149  A set of skulls, first discovered in Mexico in 1959, were dated to approximately 13,000 years ago.[7]: 151 

The first report for the 2000 Census of Marine Life was published in October, announcing that it had catalogued 15,304 species, including 500 newly discovered during the program.[9]: 480  It was determined that climate change was causing an increase in plant growth because of lower cloud cover, especially in tropical environments.[7]: 217  A plan to breed the Iberian lynx was made in April to protect it from extinction.[9]: 489  Research was released demonstrating that orangutan populations engage in distinct cultural behaviors and practices.[7]: 215  Fossilized spider silk demonstrated that it has existed at least 130 million years.[7]: 220 

It was determined that microRNAs are responsible for controlling shape-regulating genes in plants.[7]: 217  The use of genetically modified crops was a controversial issue, particularly in the European Union where a moratorium on genetically modified food remained in effect. Many other countries expanded their production of genetically modified crops.[7]: 147 

A fossilized Ginkgo biloba from 121 million years ago was identified in China, closing a gap in the species' fossil record.[7]: 220  Tetrapod fossils from the Late Devonian were discovered in China for the first time, indicating that the clade had globalized quickly.[7]: 220  The dinosaur Rajasaurus narmadenis was described using a collection of fossils that had been gathered from the Narmada River. Study of Microraptor gui fossils determined that it had asymmetrical feathers on its limbs, which provided support for the hypothesis that winged animals evolved from arboreal animals.[7]: 219  An alternate theory for the Permian–Triassic extinction event was proposed in a study published on November 21, suggesting that it was caused by an asteroid impact instead of the more commonly accepted theory of volcanic activity.[9]: 480 

The Human Genome Project announced in April that it had finished mapping the human genome.[7]: 218  A study of mouse stem cells announced the creation of artificial eggs, while another announced that adult cells could be converted into stem cells by combining them with rabbit eggs. A study on chimpanzee DNA indicated that chimpanzees share 99.4 percent of their DNA with humans, instead of the previous estimate of 95 percent.[9]: 479  Human cloning was a subject of international scrutiny in 2003, triggered in part by the disputed claims of the Raëlist company Clonaid that they had produced human clones. Several countries supported international bans on human cloning.[9]: 478  The cloned horse Prometea was the first mammal in which its mother was also its genetic donor. The cloned sheep Dolly died on February 21 after living for only six years, raising doubts about the viability of cloning.[9]: 479 

Physical sciences

Studies on Earth's temperature included one that indicated that carbon dioxide in the air has correlated with deep sea temperature over the previous 400,000 years, and two that confirmed previous assessments of Earth's inner temperature.[7]: 170  A model was used to analyze the limestone deposits of the most recent Snowball Earth period. A 1999 study concluded in 2003, successfully demonstrating the use of lidar to map the Puget Sound faults.[7]: 169 

Developments in physics included multiple groups of optical physicists producing materials that cause negative refraction of light,[7]: 272  a report that quantum entanglement had been observed between photons across 600 meters of open space.[7]: 273  the breaking of the low-temperature record when physicists cooled 2,500 sodium atoms to 500 pikokelvins, and progress toward producing Cooper pairs by cooling fermions to produce a magnetic Feshbach resonance.[7]: 272  Attempts were made in the year to produce pentaquarks and free quarks.[7]: 271–272 

Reported developments in chemistry included a derivative of buckminsterfullerene (C60) that could reportedly retain hydrogen molecules (H2) with 100% of their volume compared to only 10% yield of previous fullerene derivatives, a carbon nanotube composite fiber that had strength equivalent to spider silk,[7]: 270  the synthesis of a stable electride with [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e−), the synthesis of an organic compound using a noble gas with HKrCCH, a self-separating catalyst for the production of consumer products, and the use of crystalline oxides to assist in hydrogen production.[7]: 271  The 110th element of the periodic table was officially named darmstadtium (Ds), replacing the provisional name ununnilium.[7]: 270 

Space exploration and astronomy

Main article: 2003 in spaceflight

The American Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed in the atmosphere as it returned to Earth on February 1, killing all seven on board.[10]: 130  The Brazilian VLS-1 launcher exploded on the launchpad on August 22, killing 21 people.[7]: 276  NASA lost contact with the Pioneer 10 probe (launched in 1972) and ended the mission of the Galileo probe (launched in 1989) by sending it into Jupiter's atmosphere. The Voyager 1 probe became the first man-made object to reach the termination shock zone at the edge of the Solar System.[9]: 477  China became the third country to launch a human into space with the Shenzhou 5 mission on October 15, in which taikonaut Yang Liwei was in space for 21 hours.[9]: 476 

NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) scheduled several launches toward Mars for 2003 as the planet's orbit brought it its closest to Earth in approximately 60,000 years. NASA launched two Mars rovers, the Spirit on June 10 and the Opportunity on July 7.[9]: 477  The ESA launched the Mars Express orbiter with the Beagle 2 lander on June 2, but contact was lost with the Beagle 2 when it landed on December 25.[9]: 476  The Mars Global Surveyor found over 500 new geographical features on Mars, including ones that provided evidence for landslides around former volcanoes, erosion that may have been caused by flowing water, and liquid iron in the planet's core.[7]: 273 

The ESA's Rosetta mission to the comet 46P/Wirtanen was scheduled for January 12 but set back a year for a safety evaluation of the Ariane 5 rocket following an incident the previous month.[9]: 476  NASA launched the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (later renamed the Spitzer Space Telescope) on August 2, and the ESA launched the SMART-1 satellite on September 27 to study the Moon.[9]: 477 

The number of known moons in the solar system increased from 40 to 61 for Jupiter, from 30 to 31 for Saturn, and from 8 to 11 for Neptune. OGLE-TR-56b became the first exoplanet to be discovered through transit photometry, and the exoplanet PSR B1620−26 b was estimated to be over 12.5 billion years old.[7]: 273  The star Achernar was determined to be oblate in shape with the radius of its equator being approximately 50% larger than that of its poles. The existence of the Canis Major dwarf galaxy was proposed.[7]: 274 

The first results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe were published in 2003. Its measurements of cosmic background radiation indicated that the universe is 13.7 billion years old and the first stars formed 200 million years after the Big Bang.[10]: 142  This provided evidence of the existence of dark matter and dark energy.[9]: 477 

Technology

Intel and AMD released 64-bit processors in 2003, popularizing what was previously a niche hardware amid the more common 32-bit systems.[9]: 483  Broadband internet and cable modems gained popularity at the expense of dial-up and DSL modems. Wi-Fi hotspots became more common, and they were increasingly found in businesses for customers' use.[7]: 165 

Computing was the subject of multiple legal and philosophical disputes in 2003. The European Commission considered legalizing software patents, triggering strong backlash.[9]: 481  A dispute began between SCO Group and IBM over the open source status of UNIX, triggering a lawsuit in March. The State Council of China required that government ministries move away from software developed by Microsoft in favor of locally produced software.[9]: 482  Approximately 55 percent of emails sent in 2003 were spam emails, which led to the implementation of the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive in the European Union and the CAN-SPAM Act in the United States.[9]: 483  The United Nations World Summit on the Information Society took place in December to organize the expansion of internet access throughout the world.[9]: 484 

The SQL Slammer worm was among several major malware programs to spread during the year through vulnerabilities in Microsoft operating systems. Its effects included the disabling of all 13,000 Bank of America ATMs in the United States and days of internet outage for customers of KT Corporation in South Korea.[9]: 484  The Welchia worm was created to download a patch that countered the malicious Blaster worm but caused its own inadvertent system issues. The Sobig virus, transmitted through email, became the world's fastest spreading virus.[7]: 163 

Camera phones became widespread in 2003 as millions were sold.[10]: 88  The original Volkswagen Beetle, the most widely produced car ever designed, ended production with a final run of 3,000 cars for collectors.[10]: 92  Several companies invested in flatscreen and LCD television production in 2003.[7]: 241  The Concorde supersonic airliner ended services on October 24 after operating for 27 years.[10]: 93  The United States Air Force tested its strongest non-nuclear munition, the Massive Ordinance Air Burst bomb.[7]: 251  The United Kingdom installed the first rotating underwater turbine in June to generate tidal power.[9]: 488 

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Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

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Births and deaths

Main pages: Category:2003 births and Deaths in 2003

Nobel Prizes

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References

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