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Bruges dialect
West Flemish dialect used in Bruges From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Bruges dialect (Standard Dutch and West Flemish: Brugs) is a West Flemish dialect used in Bruges. It is rapidly declining, being replaced with what scholars call general (rural) West Flemish.[1][2][3]
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Phonology
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Consonants
- After /u/, the sequence /nd/ is realized as a velar nasal [ŋ].[1]
- The sequence /ən/ is realized as a sequence [ən], rather than a syllabic [n̩].[1]
Realization of /r/
According to Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), /r/ is realized as a voiced uvular trill with little friction [ʀ̝]. In the neighbouring rural area, an alveolar [r] is used.[1]
However, according to Sebregts (2014), the vast majority of the speakers in Bruges realize /r/ as alveolar, not uvular.[4]
Definitely, the most common realization of /r/ is a voiced alveolar tap [ɾ], which is used about four times more often than the second most common realization, which is a voiced alveolar trill [r]. The other alveolar realizations include: a voiceless alveolar trill [r̥], a partially devoiced alveolar trill [r̥], a voiceless alveolar fricative tap/trill [ɾ̞̊ ~ r̝̊], a voiceless alveolar/postalveolar fricative [ɹ̝̊, ɹ̠̊˔] (the least common realization), a voiced alveolar/postalveolar fricative [ɹ̝ ~ ɹ̠˔] and a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].[4]
Among the uvular realizations, he lists a voiced uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative trill [ʀ̝], a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] and a voiced uvular approximant [ʁ̞], among which the uvular fricative trill is the most common realization. He also lists a central vowel (which probably means [ə], [ɐ] or both of these) and elision of /r/, both of which are very rare.[4]
Vowels
- In comparison with Standard Dutch, the short front vowels underwent a chain shift, so that the standard /i, y, ɪ, ʏ, ɛ/ became /ɪ, ʏ, ɛ, œ, æ/. The standard /u/ was also lowered to /ʊ/, yet the standard /ɔ/ was left untouched.
- Among the back vowels, /ʊ, ɔ, ɔː/ are rounded, whereas /ɑ, ɑː/ are unrounded.
- /ɪ, ʏ, ʊ/ are near-close [ɪ̟, ʏ, ʊ̠]; /ɪ/ is fully front, whereas /ʊ/ is fully back.
- /ʏ, ʊ, œː/ (but not /œ, ɔ, ɔː/) are rather weakly rounded [ʏ̜, ʊ̜, œ̜ː].
- Phonetically, /ɛ, ə/ are mid [ɛ̝, ə], whereas /ɛː, ɛ̃ː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː/ are open-mid [ɛː, ɛ̃ː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː].
- Before /l/, /æ/ is lowered and retracted to [ɑ]. This feature is typical of working class speech and is nearly extinct.[1][2]
- All of the diphthongs are falling.
- /eɪ, øʏ, oʊ/ used to be pronounced as monophthongs [eː, øː, oː],[1] a realization which is rapidly regaining popularity among younger speakers.
- Traditionally, /ɔu/ used to have such a close first element that there was practically no distinction between /ɔu/ and /oʊ/.
- Phonetically, /ɔːə/ can be either [ɔːə] or [ɔːɑ].
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