Deg Xinag language

Deg Xinag (Deg Hitʼan) is a Northern Athabaskan language spoken by the Deg Hitʼan peoples of the GASH region. The GASH region consists of the villages of Grayling, Anvik, Shageluk, and Holy Cross along the lower Yukon River in Interior Alaska. The language is severely endangered;^[4] out of an ethnic population of approximately 250 people, only 2 people still speak the language.^[2]

Deg Xinag
Deg Hitʼan
Native to	United States
Region	Alaska (lower Yukon River, Anvik River, Innoko River)
Ethnicity	280 Deg Hitʼan (2007)[1]
Native speakers	2 (2020)[2]
Language family	Dené–Yeniseian? Na-Dené Athabaskan Northern Athabaskan Deg Xinag
Writing system	Latin (Northern Athabaskan alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Alaska[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ing
Glottolog	dege1248
ELP	Deg Xinag

The language was referred to as Ingalik by Osgood (1936). While this term sometimes still appears in the literature, it is today considered pejorative. The word "Ingalik" is from the Yupʼik Eskimo language: Ingqiliq, meaning "Indian".

Engithidong Xugixudhoy (Their Stories of Long Ago), a collection of traditional folk tales in Deg Xinag by the elder Belle Deacon, was published in 1987 by the Alaska Native Language Center.^[5] A literacy manual with accompanying audiotapes was published in 1993.

Dialects

There are two main dialects: Yukon and Kuskokwim. The Yukon dialect (Yukon Deg Xinag, Yukon Ingalik) is the traditional language of the villages of the Lower Yukon River (Anvik, Shageluk and Holy Cross).^[6] As of 2009, there are no longer any speakers living in Anvik and Holy Cross. The other dialect (Kuskokwim Deg Xinag, Kuskokwim Ingalik) is the traditional language of the settlements of Middle Kuskokwim.^[7]

Phonology

Consonants

Here is the list of consonant sounds in Deg Xinag, including their pronunciation in IPA and their representations in Deg Xinag orthography in brackets:^[8]

Consonants in Deg Xinag

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar			Post- alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
				plain	sibilant	lateral
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p ⟨b⟩	tθ ⟨ddh⟩	t ⟨d⟩	ts ⟨dz⟩	tɬ ⟨dl⟩	tʃ ⟨j⟩	ʈʂ ⟨dr⟩		k ⟨g⟩	q ⟨G⟩	ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨p⟩	tθʰ ⟨tth⟩	tʰ ⟨t⟩	tsʰ ⟨ts⟩	tɬʰ ⟨tł⟩	tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩	ʈʂʰ ⟨tr⟩		kʰ ⟨k⟩	qʰ ⟨q⟩
	ejective		tθʼ ⟨tthʼ⟩	tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩	tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩	tɬʼ ⟨tłʼ⟩	tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩	ʈʂʼ ⟨trʼ⟩		kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩	qʼ ⟨qʼ⟩
Fricative	voiceless		θ ⟨th⟩		s ⟨s⟩	ɬ ⟨ł⟩	ʃ ⟨sh⟩	ʂ ⟨sr⟩			χ ⟨x⟩	h ⟨h⟩
	voiced	v ⟨v⟩	ð ⟨dh⟩		z ⟨z⟩			ʐ ⟨zr⟩	ʝ ⟨yh⟩		ʁ ⟨gh⟩
Sonorant	voiced	m ⟨m⟩		n ⟨n⟩		l ⟨l⟩			j ⟨y⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
	voiceless	m̥ ⟨mh⟩		n̥ ⟨nh⟩						ŋ̊ ⟨ngh⟩
	glottalized	mˀ ⟨m'⟩		nˀ ⟨n'⟩					jˀ ⟨y'⟩	ŋˀ ⟨ng'⟩

In final position, consonant sounds /t, tθ, ts, tɬ, ʈʂ, tʃ, k, q/ are voiced as [d, dð, dz, dɮ, ɖʐ, dʒ, ɡ, ɢ].

Vowels

Vowels in Deg Xinag are [a e ə o ʊ].

	Front	Central	Back
Close			ʊ
Close-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Open		a

Examples

• qʼuntʼogh - airplane
• ggagg - animal
• ggagg chux - bear (lit. 'big animal')
• sraqay - children
• dran - day
• xikʼugiłʼanh - doctor, nurse
• łegg - fish
• łek - dog
• sileg - my dog
• vileg - her dog
• tso tlʼogh iy - mammoth
• dinaʼ kʼidz - doll (lit. 'little person')
• xidondiditey - door
• nganʼ ditʼanh - earthquake
• sitoʼ - my father
• vitoʼ - her father
• yix - house
• tinh - snow
• dangan - iron, metal
• deloy - mountain
• vanhgiq - Indian ice cream
• choghlugguy (in Anvik); niq'asrt'ay (in Shageluk) - fox
• vinixiłyiq - in the morning
• Ade' ndadz dengit'a - Hello, how are you?
• giłiq - one
• teqa - two
• togg - three
• denhchʼe - four
• niłqʼosnal giłiggi viqʼidz iy - eleven^[9]