Fall of Eagles

Fall of Eagles is a 13-part British television drama aired by the BBC in 1974. The series was created by John Elliot and produced by Stuart Burge. The series portrays historical events from 1848 to 1918, focussing on three ruling dynasties: the Habsburgs of Austria-Hungary, the Hohenzollerns of Germany and the Romanovs of Russia. The scriptwriters were Keith Dewhurst, John Elliot, Trevor Griffiths, Elizabeth Holford, Ken Hughes, Troy Kennedy Martin, Robert Muller, Jack Pulman, David Turner and Hugh Whitemore.

Fall of Eagles
Genre	Serial drama
Created by	John Elliot
Narrated by	Michael Hordern
Country of origin	United Kingdom
No. of episodes	13
Production
Producer	Stuart Burge
Running time	50 to 55 minutes
Original release
Network	BBC1
Release	15 March (1974-03-15) – 7 June 1974 (1974-06-07)

Overview

The series tells the story of the final decades of three great empires brought to downfall by historical events. Each empire used an eagle in its heraldry. The central theme is the effects of centuries of despotism, with a lack of social reform and the devastating effects of World War I, that caused revolutionary movements to form.^[1] It begins in the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848 and continues through the Armistice of 11 November 1918, covering about 70 years of history in 13 episodes.^[2] The episodes' vignettes move between the three empires: Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia.

Episodes

No.	Title	Time period
1	"Death Waltz"	1853–1860
Franz Josef has been Austrian emperor since 1848, yet he remains unmarried five years into his reign. His mother, Archduchess Sophie, is determined to ensure the Habsburg line and favours her niece Helene as the future empress. However, Franz has other ideas and prefers Helene's 15-year-old sister Elisabeth, whom he marries. She struggles to deal with her new position as Empress of Austria, motherhood and her domineering mother-in-law. Endeavouring to carve some of her own space, she resumes a friendship with her old Hungarian mentor Count Majlath. Her fixation with his country is unwelcome at the Austrian court.
2	"The English Princess"	1858–1871
In the hope of promoting a liberal and united Germany, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert arrange for their eldest daughter Victoria ("Vicky") to marry Prince Frederick ("Fritz"), son of Wilhelm I, King of Prussia. However, despite her love for Fritz and their growing family, the English princess is unprepared for the constraints of her new life in Berlin. Her politically liberal views and her influence over her husband clash with those of Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian doctrine of iron and blood. Bismarck wins influence over the King and surprises Europe with swift victories during the decisive Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War.
3	"The Honest Broker"	1887–1890
With Germany united under Prussia, Bismarck seeks a stabilising alliance with the Austrians and Russians through the League of the Three Emperors. His plans extend to influencing the Kaiser's grandson Wilhelm. In 1888, Wilhelm I and his successor Frederick III both die (the Year of the Three Emperors). Kaiser Wilhelm II rapidly assumes the throne; Bismarck is forced to resign when his policies and political style clash with those of the young emperor. The ageing chancellor seeks support from Vicky, but she spurns him and blames his meddling for her estrangement from her son.
4	"Requiem for a Crown Prince"	1889
On 30 January 1889, tragedy strikes the House of Habsburg when liberal Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria-Hungary and his young mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera are found dead at the hunting lodge at Mayerling in the Vienna Woods, 24 km southwest of the capital, in an apparent murder-suicide by Rudolf. In Vienna, and at Mayerling, imperial officials contrive to hide the events of the Mayerling incident to prevent a massive public scandal, misleading the emperor and the empress about the true nature of the deaths. Rudolf's letters and the report by Professor Widerhoffer finally reveal the truth to the royal couple. The episode, narrated in hindsight, ends with news of the assassination of the Empress in Geneva in 1898.
5	"The Last Tsar"	1894
Tsar Alexander III doubts the ability of his son and heir-apparent, Nicholas, to one day rule the Russian Empire. The young tsarevich is similarly apprehensive. Despite his longstanding affair with Petersburgian ballerina Mathilde Kschessinska and the disapproval of his mother over his marriage choice, he is resolved to marry Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, seemingly the suitable match. Travelling to Germany, Nicholas II is supported in this by his relatives, including his cousin Kaiser Wilhelm and Alix's grandmother, the ageing Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, the autocratic conservatism of the Imperial Government has resulted in discontent among factory workers, under the aegis of the revolutionary Vladimir Lenin.
6	"Absolute Beginners"	1903
Nicholas II has now been tsar for nine years and refuses to share his absolute authority with a parliament urged by social reformers. Now married and in London, Lenin is founding his own more radical brand of Marxism and manoeuvres to divide the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and its publication Iskra from his primary rival Julius Martov. He befriends Leon Trotsky, and despite ill health, at the Second RSDLP Congress, Lenin moves to consolidate control. One by one, moderates and liberals are side-lined or expelled, leaving the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Meeting at the grave of Karl Marx, many former comrades bid him farewell.
7	"Dearest Nicky"	1904–1905
Nicholas II is preoccupied by strikes and the humiliating war with Japan; the continual unsolicited advice and gifts of his cousin, Wilhelm II; and the health of his only son Alexei, who is haemophilic. A rising tide of discontent among St. Petersburg's working class leads to the assassination of the interior minister Vyacheslav von Plehve. Police attack a demonstration led by police spy and priest Fr. Georgy Gapon, killing many. Nicholas believes that his people are still loyal and resists change. Wilhelm attempts to forge an alliance with Russia. Nicholas, considering Germany's assistance, is willing to sign, but his ministers insist that they must first show it to France for consideration.
8	"The Appointment"	1905
When Grand Duke Sergei is murdered, Nicholas II dismisses his police chief and considers Pyotr Rachkovsky as a suitable replacement, even though he seems untrustworthy and is rumoured to use agents provocateur. Both Sergei Witte and Empress Alexandra also have grave concerns about him and his methods, but for different reasons. Nevertheless, with unrest fomenting and the memory of Bloody Sunday still fresh, he is appointed after seeking additional authority from the Tsar. Nicholas grants some concessions, including the creation of the Duma, as Rachkovsky begins using his forces in a deadly purge of troublemakers and revolutionaries in St. Petersburg and beyond.
9	"Dress Rehearsal"	1908–1909
Britain's King Edward VII makes a visit to the Royal Russian yacht to discuss an alliance with Russia. Meanwhile, Russia's foreign minister, Alexander Izvolsky, begins intriguing to have the Bosphorus opened to the Black Sea Fleet, preferring access to the Dardanelles over guaranteeing Serbian sovereignty against Austria in the Balkans. He quickly finds himself outplayed by Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal when Austria rapidly annexes the Turkish territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, precipitating the Bosnian Crisis. In its wake, and with the sting of the loss to Japan still fresh, Russia is again outwitted and embarrassed by diplomatic intrigues and forces beyond its borders.
10	"Indian Summer of an Emperor"	1914
Franz Josef fears for Austria-Hungary's future in the hands of his reform-minded nephew and heir-presumptive Franz Ferdinand, especially because of the time that he spends with Kaiser Wilhelm II. However, he soon gets news of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his lower-ranked wife, Sophie Chotek, in Sarajevo. Initially, he accepts the "providence" of the event and refuses calls to mobilise the army and to punish Serbia. However, the Kaiser quickly insists on immediate and decisive action against Serbia, dismissing the preparedness and will of Russia, downplaying the military threat from France and setting a chain of events in motion that leads to the outbreak of World War I.
11	"Tell the King the Sky Is Falling"	1914–1916
With the resolve and the morale of the Russian army plummeting, Nicholas II decides to leave the capital to take personal command of the army, leaving Alexandra behind as his eyes and ears in Petrograd. His son Alexei soon joins him, but his frail constitution leads to another health scare. Alexandra, becoming increasingly unpopular and insecure, has come to rely heavily on the advice and cures of faith healer Grigori Rasputin, who also advises the Empress on which religious people should be in government. As a result, Alexander Protopopov is appointed as a minister, but his ineptitude leads other politicians, such as Mikhail Rodzianko and Alexander Trepov, to scheme for change.
12	"The Secret War"	1917
As World War I continues, Kaiser Wilhelm II, tiring from his responsibilities, allows Ludendorff, Hindenburg, Admiral von Holtzendorff, and Bethmann-Hollweg to propose riskier strategies for 'total victory' (such as unrestricted submarine warfare against neutral shipping). With Rasputin now dead, Alexander Kerensky incites open revolt in the Duma, which supports his insistence on the abdication of the Tsar. The Kaiser, fearful of creating a "Bolshevik nemesis", reluctantly allows Lenin and his compatriots to travel through Germany from exile in Switzerland. With the help of industrialist Helphand, the Russians finally arrive to a heroic homecoming in St. Petersburg.
13	"End Game"	1918
With Franz Joseph now dead (succeeded by his grand-nephew, Charles I & IV) and the Romanovs executed by the Bolsheviks, Kaiser Wilhelm II is the lone eagle still standing. German troops move west from the now peaceful Russian front, but the Spring Offensive fails, with the Allies making surprising advances across France and Belgium. Wilhelm's optimism of his soldiers’ fighting will is not fully shared by the General Staff, particularly because of the desperate erosion of the home front. Wilhelm's cousin Prince Max is made chancellor as a concession to reform, but that only hastens the clamour for change. The 1918 German Revolution finally forces the Kaiser's abdication, and he flees into exile in the Netherlands.

Cast

Cast, in order of first appearance, and sorted by episode and empire. The narrator of the series was Michael Hordern.

Austria-Hungary Episode 1 Pamela Brown – Archduchess Sophia, mother of Franz Josef Miles Anderson – young Emperor Franz Josef of Austria Diane Keen – Elisabeth Sandor Elès – Count Andrassy Ann Penfold – Helene, Elisabeth's older sister Donald Gee – Count Majlath Kathleen Michael – Princess Hildegard of Bavaria Noel Fredericks – Aide to Franz Joseph Episode 4 Rachel Gurney – older Empress Elisabeth of Austria Laurence Naismith – older Emperor Franz Joseph Emrys James – Count Taaffe Anthony Newlands – Philip of Coburg James Cossins – Count Josl Hoyos Frank Wylie – Police Commissar Gorup Susan Tracy – Crown Princess Stephanie, Rudolph's wife Irene Hamilton – Baroness Vetsera, mother of Countess Vetsera Rosamund Greenwood – Fraulein von Ferenczy, Maid to Elisabeth Kenneth Benda – Professor Widerhoffer, royal physician Carleton Hobbs – Abbot Grünböck Michael Sheard – Losehek, valet to Prince Rudolf Patrick Durkin – Bratfisch Vernon Dobtcheff – Count Stookau, uncle of Countess Vetsera David Neal – Baltazzi Olaf Pooley – Police President Baron Krauss Leon Lissek – Police Agent Bayer John Herrington – Stationmaster Peter Harcourt-Brown – Gamekeeper Episode 10 Nora Swinburne – Katharina Schratt Peter Woodthorpe – Archduke Franz Ferdinand T. P. McKenna – Count Conrad von Hotzendorf Michael McStay – Count Montenuovo Neville Barber – Count Paar Peter Copley – Bethmann-Hollweg George Merritt – Ketterl Robert Tayman – First Adjutant Ian Ricketts – Second Adjutant Noel Davis – Austrian Ambassador (Count Szögyény) Brian Hawksley – Sir Arthur Nicolson Roy McArthur – Archduke Karl Heather Page – Archduchess Zita Clyde Pollitt – Kottwitz Melanie Peck – Maid Jay Neill – Heller N/A – Ambassador László Szőgyény-Marich Jr. German Empire Episode 2 Gemma Jones – Vicky, oldest child of Victoria Maurice Denham – Kaiser Wilhelm I Denis Lill – Fritz Basil Henson – von Moltke Geoffrey Chater – Charles Roger Hammond – Albrecht Perlita Neilson – young Queen Victoria Frank Thornton – Prince Albert Anthony Roye – Dr. Martin Antony Carrick – Dr. Wegner Sandra Clark – Wally Mike Elles – Bertie, young Edward VII Adam Cunliffe – Willy, young Wilhelm II Uncredited – Queen Augusta of Prussia Episode 3 Curt Jürgens – Otto von Bismarck Barry Foster – older Kaiser Wilhelm II Frederick Jaeger – Holstein Tony Jay – Tsar Alexander III John Barcroft – Eulenberg David McKail – Mackenzie, physician Valerie Phillips – Dona, Wilhelm II's wife Episode 13 Barry Foster – older Kaiser Wilhelm II Marius Goring – Hindenburg Michael Bates – Ludendorff Griffith Jones – Hintze Eve Pearce – Empress Dona Laurence Hardy – Prince Max Colin Baker – Crown Prince (Little Willy), son of Wilhelm II John Robinson – Müller, Admiral Geoffrey Toone – Groener Erik Chitty – Hertling, Chancellor Peter Schofield – Ebert Kevin Brennan – Count Bentick Jon Croft – Sergeant

Russian Empire Episode 5 Gayle Hunnicutt – Alexandra, fiancée of Nicholas II Charles Kay – Tsar Nicholas II Patrick Stewart – Ulyanov (Lenin) Lynn Farleigh – Krupskaya, Lenin's future wife Freddie Jones – Sergei Witte, Transport Minister Jan Francis – Mathilde Kschessinska, ballerina Ursula Howells – Marie, wife of Alexander III David Collings – Paul Miliukov Isla Blair – Ella Robert Brown – Uncle Serge John Nightingale – Cousin Serge Howard Rawlinson – Constantin Mavis Edwards – Queen Victoria Kevin Stoney – Father John Denzil Ellis – Wahl John Sanderson – Young Nicholas Leila Hart – Singer Episode 6 Bruce Purchase – von Plehve Edward Wilson – Martov Michael Kitchen – Trotsky Mary Wimbush – Zasulich Paul Eddington – Plekhanov Peter Weston – Baumann David Freedman – Lieber Julian Fox – Tupuridze Raymond Witch – Martynov Svandis Jons – Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova Robert O'Mahoney – Krasikov Episode 7 Kenneth Colley – Father Gapon Peter Dyneley – von Bülow John Turner – Prince Mirsky John Welsh – Archbishop Robert Keegan – Ivan Fullon Michael Golden – Putilov Roy Sampson – General Alexey Danilov David Dodimead – Kokovtsev James Mellor – Kourapatkin John Quarmby – Lambsdorf Alan Hockey – Doctor Glynne Thomas – Spokeswoman Eileen Helsby – Mother Roger Nott – Secretary John Surman – Secretary Sharon Terry – Tatiana, 2nd daughter Episode 8 Michael Bryant – Ratchkovsky David Swift – Trepov John Stratton – Hesse David Dodimead – Aleksandr Khvostov Victor Winding – Azeff Peter Pratt – Singer Rio Fanning – Petitioner Arnold Peters – Clerk Michael Cotterill – Valet de Chambre Peter Jolley – Tsar's aide Desmond Cullum-Jones – Police Sergeant John Beardmore – Police Inspector Paul Haley – Medal Sergeant

Episode 9 Peter Vaughan – Isvolsky Derek Francis – Edward VII John Bennett – Clemenceau John Moffatt – Aehrenthal Frank Middlemass – Stolypin Andrew Keir – Wickham Steed Shirley Dixon – Mme. Izvolsky Tom Criddle – Sir Edward Grey Ed Devereaux – Purtales Haydn Wood – Officer Peter Whitaker – Secretary Episode 11 Michael Aldridge – Grigory Rasputin Charles Gray – Rodzianko John Phillips – Grand Duke Nicholas Nigel Stock – General Alexeiev Hugh Burden – Protopopov Frank Mills – A. F. Trepov Rosalie Crutchley – Michen Ann Castle – Ella Miriam Margolyes – Anna Vyrubova Piers Flint-Shipman – Alexis Pippa Vickers – Anastasia Alix Crista – Maria Golovina Anthony Collin – Manus Barbara Keogh – Barbara (Yakovleva) Martha Nairn – Olga Hetty Baynes – Tatiana Prue Clarke – Marie Episode 12 Marius Goring – Hindenburg Michael Bates – Ludendorff Michael Gough – Helphand Tom Conti – Glazkov Jim Norton – Kerensky Malcolm Terris – Mieczysław Broński-Warszawski Esmond Knight – General Ruzski Alan Cullen – Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff Basil Clarke – Pyotr Voykov Ronald Govey – Chkheidze John Rae – Prince Lvov Tom Kempinski – Bolshevik Soldier John Rhys-Davies – Zinoviev Leonard Fenton – Nikolai Markov Eric Carte – Aide to Kaiser Colin Jeavons – Printer Isabelle Stanton – Socialist Émigré Ann Zelda – Helphand's Secretary

Music

The music accompanying the main title and credits is the Trauermarsch (Funeral March), the first movement of Mahler's Symphony No. 5. The closing theme music is the central section from the first movement of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 6.

Reception

One positive review of the series states: "This ambitious series captivates the audience by depicting the years of revolution, in which the well cemented monarchies of central and eastern Europe slowly disintegrate. However, the show does not attach any sentiments with royalty or the happenings in wake of its collapse."^[3]

Media

Fall of Eagles was released on video and DVD in autumn 2004 in the United Kingdom, with the release including a photo gallery and a comprehensive 40-page historical notes booklet written by Andy Priestner providing further details on the historical events and characters in the series. It includes new interviews with Gayle Hunnicutt (The Golden Bowl, Dallas, The Martian Chronicles), Charles Kay (Edge of Darkness, To Serve Them All My Days) and director David Cunliffe (The Onedin Line, The Sandbaggers, Victoria and Albert).^[4] It was later released in May 2006 in the United States,^[1] without the companion booklet.

A separate book based on the series titled The Fall of Eagles: The Death of the Great European Dynasties (ISBN 9780340216415) by Cyrus Leo Sulzberger II^[5] was first published by Crown in 1981.^[6]