Formannskapsdistrikt

Formannskapsdistrikt (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈfɔ̂rmɑnskɑːpsdɪˌstrɪkt]) is the name for Norwegian local self-government districts that were legally enacted on 1 January 1838. This system of municipalities was created in a bill approved by the Parliament of Norway and signed into law by King Carl Johan on 14 January 1837.^[1] The formannskaps law, which fulfilled an express requirement of the Constitution of Norway, required that every parish (Norwegian: prestegjeld) form a formannsskapsdistrikt (municipality) on 1 January 1838. In this way, the parishes of the state Church of Norway became worldly, administrative districts as well. (Although some parishes were divided into two or three municipalities.) In total, 396 formannsskapsdistrikts were created under this law, and different types of formannskapsdistrikts were created, also:

Number of districts	Type of district
25	City/town
3	City/town with a surrounding rural district
12	Lading places (ladested)
1	Rural district consisting of two (very small) seaports
3	Rural districts with dependent small seaports
1	Port and naval base
1	Rural district with dependent mining town
350	Rural districts
See below for a list of all districts, broken down by county.

History

The introduction of self government in rural districts was a major political change. The Norwegian farm culture (bondekultur) that emerged came to serve as a symbol of nationalistic resistance to the forced union with Sweden. The legislation of 1837 gave both the towns and the rural areas the same institutions: a minor change for the town, but a major advance for the rural communities. The significance of this legislation is hailed by a nationalistic historian, Ernst Sars:^[2]

"So great an advance in relation to the political development of the people that on that account it can almost be placed alongside the Constitution. By it the free constitution was given a broad basis to rest upon and be nourished from, and became related to the daily life and activity of the people in such a way that its principles could penetrate everywhere and be most effectively acquired... There was at that time scarcely any European state where local self-government was so well organized and so widely ramified as it became in Norway through the legislation of 1837."^[3]

In 1853, the land registration law superseded the formannsskapsdistrikt by introduction of a new designation, the municipality (Norwegian: herred). Two forms of municipality were created: "rural municipality" and "city" (or "market town"). Each district was to elect a body of selectmen of no less than 12 and no more than 48 members. This body selected a quarter of their members as a committee, which together with the local magistrate, established taxes to be levied and improvements to be performed in the district. The local chairman also represented the municipality at the county level.^[1][4]

Almost one century later in 1936, a local self-government district law was enacted which created 682 rural municipalities (landkommuner) and 65 city municipalities (bykommuner) in Norway. Among the city municipalities, 43 had the status of market town (kjøpstad) and 22 were recognized harbors for export/import (ladested). Norway included a subordinate category to the market town, the "small seaport" (lossested or ladested), which was a port or harbor with a monopoly to import and export goods and materials in both the port and for a surrounding outlying district. Typically, these were locations for exporting timber and importing grain and goods. Local farm goods and timber sales were all required to pass through merchants at either a lading place or a market town prior to export. This incentive ensured that local trading went through local merchants, a technique which was so effective in limiting smuggling that customs revenues increased from less than 30% of the total tax revenues in 1600 to more than 50% of the total taxes by 1700.^[5]

During the last half of the 20th century, the distinction between the different types of municipalities was decreased, and in 1992, legislation eliminated all distinctions. Now, all municipalities (Norwegian: kommuner) are simply municipalities.^[5]

List of districts

This is a list of the districts that were initially created on 1 January 1838. The original spellings have been used (many spellings have changed since that time.^[6] For a present list of current municipalities, see the List of municipalities of Norway.

Amt (County)	City or town	Lading place	Rural district	Total
Smaalehnenes Amt	Frederiksstad, Frederikshald, Moss	–	Aremark, Askim, Berg, Borge, Eidsberg, Glemminge, Haabøl, Hvaler, Id, Mosse Landdistrict, Onsø, Rakkestad, Rygge, Rødenæs, Raade, Skiptvet, Skjeberg, Spydeberg, Trygstad, Tune, Vaaler	24
Agershuus Amt	–	Drøbak, Soon og Hølen[Note 1]	Aker, Asker, Bærum, Eidsvold, Enebak, Fet, Frogn, Gjerdrum, Hurdalen, Høland, Kraakstad, Nannestad, Nitedal, Næs, Næsodden, Skedsmo, Sørum, Ullensaker, Urskog, Vestby with Hvidsteen,[Note 2] Aas	23
Christiania Amt[Note 3]	Christiania	–	–	1
Hedemarkens Amt	–	–	Elverum, Grue, Hof, Kvikne, Løiten, Nordre Odalen, Næs, Rendalen, Ringsaker, Romedal, Stange, Store Elvedalen, Søndre Odalen, Tolgen, Trysil, Tønsæt, Vang, Vinger, Aamot	19
Christians Amt	Lillehammer	–	Birid, Fron, Faaberg, Gausdal, Gran, Jævnaker, Land, Lesje, Lom, Nordre Aurdal, Ringebu, Slidre, Søndre Aurdal, Vang, Vardal, Vestre Toten, Vaage, Øier, Østre Toten	20
Budskeruds Amt	Drammen, Kongsberg	–	Eker, Flesberg, Gol, Hole, Hurum, Lier, Modum, Norderhov, Næs, Rollag, Røken, Sandsvær, Sigdal, Strømsgodset, Aal	17
Jarlsberg og Laurvigs Amt	Holmestrand, Laurvig, Tønsberg	Sandefjord, Aasgaardstrand	Anneboe, Borre, Botne, Brunlagnæs, Frederiksværn,[Note 4] Hedrum, Hof, Laurdal, Nøtterøe, Ramnæs, Sande, Sandeherred, Skouger, Stokke, Strømmen, Sæm, Tjølling, Tjømø, Vaale	24
Bratsbergs Amt	Kragerøe, Porsgrund, Skien	Brevig, Langesund	Bamble with Stathelle,[Note 2] Bø, Drangedal, Eidanger, Gjerpen, Hitterdal, Hjerdal, Holden, Hvidesøe, Laurdal, Mo, Moland, Nissedal, Sannikedal, Seufde, Sillejord, Slemdal, Solum, Tind, Vinje	25
Nedenæs og Raabygdelaugets Amt	Arendal, Grømstad, Østerriisøer	Lillesand, Tvedestrand	Birkenæs, Bygland, Dybvaag, Eide, Evje og Veigusdal, Gjerrestad, Heirefos, Holt, Hordnæs og Iveland, Landvig, Omlid, Søndeløv, Valle, Vegaardsheien, Vestre Moland, Øiestad, Østre Moland, Aaseral	23
Lister og Mandals Amt	Christianssand	Farsund, Flekkefjord, Mandal	Bjelland og Grindem, Finsland, Fjotland, Gyland, Mandals Landdistrict, Herod, Holme, Hegebostad, Lyngdal, Nedre Qvinnesdal, Næs og Hitterø, Oddernæs, Søgne, Tved, Undal, Vandsøe, Øslebø og Løvdal, Østre Bakke, Øvrebøe	23
Stavanger Amt	Stavanger	Egersund	Avaldsnæs, Birkrem, Egersund landdistrikt, Finnø, Gjæsdal, Helleland, Heskestad, Hetland, Hjelmeland, Høiland, Haa, Haaland, Jælse, Klep, Lunde, Nærstrand, Rennesø, Skjold, Skudesnæs, Soggendal with Sogndalstrand,[Note 2] Strand, Suledal, Time, Torvestad, Vestre Bakke, Vikedal	28
Søndre Bergenhuus Amt	–	–	Askøen, Bergens Landdistrict, Eid, Etne, Fanøe, Findaas, Fjeld, Fjeldberg, Graven, Hammer, Hosanger, Hougs, Kingservig, Lindaas, Manger, Ous, Qvindherred, Røldal, Skaanevig, Storøen, Strandebarm, Sund, Tysnæs, Vigøer, Voss, Aarstad	26
Bergen Amt	Bergen	–	–	1
Nordre Bergenhuus Amt	–	–	Askevold, Davigen, Eid, Evindvig, Førde, Gloppen, Hafsloe, Indre Holmedal, Indvigen, Justedal, Jølster, Kind, Ladvig, Leganger, Leirdal, Lyster, Selløe, Sogndal, Urland, Vefring, Viig, Yttre Holmedal	22
Romsdals Amt	Christianssund, Molde	Aalesund	Agerøe, Boe, Bolsøe, Borgund, Edøen, Fredøe, Grytten, Halse, Haram, Herrøe, Jørringfjord, Næsset, Nordalen, Oure, Qvernæs, Stangvig, Strand, Sunddalen, Sundelven, Surendal, Thingvold, Ulfsteen, Vandelven, Vedøe, Vestnæs, Volden, Øre, Ørskoug	31
Søndre Throndhjems Amt	Throndhjem	–	Bjørnøer, Bynæsset, Børsen, Hevne, Hitteren, Holtaalen, Klæboe, Leenstranden, Meldal, Melhuus, Opdal, Ørkedal, Røraas,[Note 5] Stadsbygden, Strinden, Støren, Sælboe, Ørland, Aafjorden	20
Nordre Throndhjems Amt	Levanger	–	Bedstaden, Fosnæs, Frosten, Grogn, Inderøen, Kolvereid, Lexvigen, Nummedalseidet, Nærøen, Overhalden, Skogn, Snaasen, Sparboen, Stod, Størdal, Vemundvig, Værdalen, Ytterøen, Aasen	21
Nordlands Amt	Bodøe	–	Alstahoug, Bindalen, Bodøe Landdistrict, Borge, Brønøe, Buxnæs, Bøe, Dverberg, Flakstad, Folden, Gilleskaal, Hammerøe, Hassel, Lurøe, Lødingen, Næsne, Ofoden, Ranen, Rødøe, Saltdalen, Skjærstad, Stegen, Vefsen, Vægøe, Værøe, Vaagen, Øxnæs	29
Tromsøe Amt[Note 6]	Tromsøe	–	Berg, Ibbestad, Karlsøe, Qvæfjord, Lenvig, Lyngen, Sand, Skjervøe, Tranøe, Tromsøe Landdistrict, Trondenæs	12
Finmarkens Amt	Hammerfest,[Note 7] Vadsøe,[Note 7] Vardøe[Note 7]	–	Alten, Kistrand, Lebesbye, Loppen, Maasø	8
Grand totals	25 + 3[Note 7]	12 + 1[Note 1]	350 + 3[Note 2] + 1[Note 4] + 1[Note 5]	396
Footnotes	Consisting of two minor lading places. Rural districts with dependent lading places. Part of Agershuus Amt until 1842 Port and naval base. Rural district with dependent mining town Part of Finmarkens Amt until 1866. Cities/towns with rural districts