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Feappii
Ingush subgroup From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Feappii (Ingush: Фаьппий) were an Ingush subgroup (society) that mostly inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus. Historically, they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and in the south with Gudomakarians. The center of the society was the fortified village (aul) of Erzi or Metskhal.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, part of the Feappii migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, due to a lack of land. The descendants of the migrants are known as Bats people. In the 17th and 18th centuries, another wave of migration occurred, to the region of Aukh (modern-day Dagestan).
In 1733, due to concerns about the expansion of the Ottoman Turks in the region, the Feappii, together with the Dzherakhs and Khamkhins, established ties with the Kingdom of Kartli. As the Russian Empire began expanding its territories in the Caucasus region in the 19th century, the Caucasian War broke out. During the war, the Feappii Society was devastated after a Russian punitive expedition in 1830.
After the end of the Caucasian War, the Feappii became part of various okrugs of the Terek Oblast, which in turn was part of the Caucasus Viceroyalty. These included the Voeynno-Ossetian okrug, Ingush okrug, Vladikavkazsky Okrug, Sunzhensky Otdel, and the Nazran okrug.
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Etymology
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Endonyms
The endonym of the Feappii in their native Ingush language is фаьппий (Fäppij in old Ingush Latin writing system).[2][3][4][5]
Foma Gorepekin translated the ethnonym in Ingush language as "settlers marching in a discordant crowd".[6] Similarly, Rusudan Kharadze and Aleksey Robakidze made a hypothesis that the ethnonym might be connected with the term "alien/new settler" (but not as ethnically different from the main mass of Ingush).[7] According to linguist Yu. Desheriyev, the ethnonym has no etymological explanation.[8] Anatoly Genko connected the name in the form of Veppiy with the Khazar king Uobos, mentioned in the Georgian Chronicles, thus dating the name back to the 10th century AD.[9]
Exonyms
Historically, the Feappii were known by the exonym of Georgian origin as Kists or Kistins, along with its variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. These terms later appeared in Russian literature.[10] Eventually, the meaning of this ethnonym expanded to cover all Nakh peoples, despite originally referring specifically to the Feappii.[11] The Kist ethnonym was replaced by the term "Metskhalins" in the 19th century, and the Kistin society became known as the "Metskhalin society" respectively, after the chancellery of the society was transferred to Metskhal.[12]
The Ossetians referred to the Feappii as Maqqal (Мæхъхъæл), and the river Armkhi, on which the society was situated, as Maqqaldon (Мæхъхъæлдон), which lent its name to one of the Russian names for Armkhi, Makaldon (Макалдон).[13] The ethnonym Maqqal was infrequently used to denote Feappii on some maps.[a] This ethnonym is linked to the Ingush and Ossetian word for Kite, Maqqal (Маккхал/Мæхъхъæл).[14][15] According to Anatoly Genko, the Ossetians derived this name from the aul of Erzi and its inhabitants, the Erzians.[14]
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History
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Early history
One of the mountainous Ingush societies,[b] the Fyappins inhabited the mountainous Fappi region of Ingushetia in the Caucasus.[16] The Fyappins bordered Dzheyrakh to the west, the Khamkhins to the east, the Nazranians to the north, and the Gudomakarians to the south.[17]
Historically, the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin as Kists or Kistins, along with other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. The region where they resided was referred to as "Kistetia", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia".[c] The first recorded mention of Kists dates back to the 7th century, in the work Ashkharhatsuyts, where it appeared in the form Kusts. However, in that context, it was used to generally describe the Ingush people, not specifically the Fyappins.[19]
During the 16th to 17th centuries, a portion of the Fyappins migrated to Tusheti, Georgia, in search of land.[20][d] Today, the descendants of these Fyappins are known as the Bats people.[23] Another wave of migration of the Fyappins occurred in the 17th to 18th centuries to the region of Aukh (modern-day Dagestan).[24][25] Today, the descendants of those migrants are known as the Vyappiy and refer to Tyarsh as their ancestral village, as evidenced by their family chronicle (teptar):[26]
Their fathers left the village of Tyarsh in the Vabo District on a high mountain near the Buruv fortress. Tyarsh is the name of their eldest father.
In 1733, fearing the expansion of the Ottoman Turks, the Fyappins, Dzherakhs and Khamkhins wrote a letter to Vakhtang VI, declaring their oath of allegiance to Kartli. The letter was signed by 16 representatives from leading surnames of the Fyappin, Dzherakh, and Khamkhin communities.[27]
Contacts with Russia and incorporation into Russia
On January 8, 1811, foremen from 13 Fyappin villages swore allegiance to the Russian Empire.[e][28] However, both the Ingush and Russian sides viewed such oaths more as treaty agreements than actual submission.[29]
During the Caucasian War, the Fyappins were targeted by Russian expansion efforts. In July 1830, two Russian columns led by Major General Abkhazov embarked on a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian forces traversed the Darial and Assa Gorges, encountering fierce resistance, particularly from the inhabitants of Eban.[30] As a result of this expedition, the Fyappins were temporarily subdued by the Russian Empire,[31] and their villages (auls) devastated.[30] This marked the establishment of district courts and civil governance in mountainous Ingushetia.[32] Following the general uprising of Chechnya in March 1840, during which Chechens aligned with the Caucasian Imamate, Pavel Grabbe reported that the Kists (i.e., Fyappins) were either sympathetic to or aligned with the Caucasian Imamate.[33]
Whole Greater Chechnya was transferred to him, as well as the Michik and Ichkerin residents and many Aukhites; the Kachkalyks are kept in obedience only by the presence of our detachment. Some of the Karabulak and Ingush villages, all the Galgai and Kists are also in great agitation and are secretly or openly assisting the rebel.
Within the Russian Empire, the Fyappins were part of the Ossetian-Military Okrug (1857–1862),[34] the Ingush okrug (1862–1871),[35][36] the Vladikavkazsky okrug (1871–1888),[37][38] the Sunzhensky otdel (1888–1909),[39] and the Nazran okrug (1909–1920).[40]
Modern
During the Russian Civil War, the self-proclaimed state of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus emerged in the Caucasus region, with Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, a Fyappin representative, serving as its finance minister.[41][42][f] He also led the Ingush National Council.[44]
In 1944, the Ingush people (including Fyappins) were deported to Central Asia. They were only allowed to return in 1957, after Nikita Khrushchev reversed many of Josif Stalin's policies, including the mentioned deportation. Fyappin writer and poet Issa Kodzoev was repressed by the Soviet regime for addressing Stalin’s crimes.[45][g] In 1989, Kodzoev, along with other Fyappin representatives like Sulambek Mamilov, was part of the committee for the revival of Ingush autonomy within the Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union.[46][h]
Today, Fyappin descendants live across Ingushetia.[47]
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Composition
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Fyappin society consisted of the following fortified villages (auls), tribal organizations (teips), and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):[i]
| Auls | Teips and nyaqhash/vyarash | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Beyni (Бейни) | Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)[j] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Byalgan (Баьлгӏане) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bisht (Бишт) | Beshtoy (Бештой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eban (Эбане) | Ebankhoy (Эбанхой): Tsitskiyevs (Цискнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Erzi (Аьрзи) | Oartskhoy (Оарцхой): Mamilovs (Мамилнаькъан), Ozievs (Ознаькъан), Yandievs (Янднаькъан), Aldaganovs (ӏалдагӏнаькъан), Buruzhevs (Буружнаькъан), Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Garak (Гаракх) | Garakoy (Гаракой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Goust (Гӏовзтӏе) | Ebankhoy (Эбанхой): Akhilgovs (Ахильгнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Guli (Хьули) | Khulkhoy (Хьулахой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dukhargisht (Духьаргишт) | Kushtovs (Куштнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kasheti (Кашетӏе) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kerbite (Кербӏитӏе) | Oartskhoy (Оарцхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Keyrakh (Кхерахье) | Korokhoy (Корохой): Tankievs, Esmurzievs, Askhievs, Batyzhevs, Gireevs, Muruzhevs, Chasigovs, Chumakovs, Bogatyrevs, Shakrievs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khamishk (Хьамишк) | Chilievs (Чилинаькъан)
Didigovs (Дидигнаькъан) Patievs (Патнаькъан) Mizievs (Мизинаькъан) Gumukovs (Гумукнаькъан) Torievs (Торинаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kharp (Хьарп) | Matiyevs (Матенаькъан)
Amerhanovs (Амерхананаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khastmak (Хьастмоаке) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kiralt (Киралт) | Oartskhoy (Оарцхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Koshk (Къоашке) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lyazhgi (Лаьжг) | Lozkhoy (Лошхой) Khautiyevs (Ховтнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Metskhal (Мецхал) | Dzhabagiyevs (Джабагӏнаькъан),
Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Kusievs (Кусенаькъан), Tochiyevs (Тоачанаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Morch (Морч) | Morchkhoevs (Морчхой),
Dzortovs (Дзортонаькъан), Yaryzhevs (Ярыжнаькъан), Ortskhanovs (Орцхонаькъан), Bagaevs (Баганаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Olgeti (Олгатӏе) | Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан), Itarovs (Итаранаькъан), Buruzhevs (Буружнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shoan (Шоане) | Shoankhoy (Шоанхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tyarsh (Тӏаьрш) | Gudantovs (Гӏудантнаькъан), Daskievs (Даскенаькъан), Doskhoy (Досхой), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Falkhan (Фалхан) | Azhigovs (ӏажнаькъан), Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Dzarakhovs (Зарахнаькъан), Umarovs (ӏумарнаькъан) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Including Chulkhoian auls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gu (Гув) | Gukhoy (Гухой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khanikal (Ханикал) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khyani (Хаьни) | Khanievs (Хоаной) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kyazi (Каьзи) | Kodzoyevs (Коазой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lyalakh (Лаьлах) | Lolokhoyevs (Лоалахой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magote (Маготе) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Salgi (Салги) | Salgirkhoy (Салгирхой) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Demographics
| Year | Population | Source | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1816 | 1 269[k] | Document[52] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1838 | 2 071 | Document[53] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1857 | 1 269 | Adolf Berge[54][55] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1883 | 1 749[l] | Census[38] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1890 | 1 924[m] | Census[39] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1914 | 880[n] | Census[40] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: The information in the table pertains to the Fyappiy residing in the mountainous region, not those living in the lowlands of Ingushetia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notable people
- Akhmed Kotiev, an Ingush employee of the MIA, secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Ingushetia, and a hero of the Russian Federation.[o]
- Akhmed Kotiev, an Ingush boxer and Minister of Physical Culture and Sports of the Republic of Ingushetia.[o]
- Nazyr Mankiev, an Ingush wrestler and 2008 Olympic gold medalist.[p]
- Timur Matiev, an Ingush historian (Doctor of Sciences), Head of the Department of History of the Ingush State University.[q]
- Bersnako Gazikov, an Ingush historian and archivist.[r]
- Nurdin Kodzoev, an Ingush historian and writer.[g]
- Dzhemaldin Yandiev, the first Ingush people's poet, member of the Union of Soviet Writers, and chairman of the Union of Writers of Checheno-Ingushetia.[s]
- Issa Kodzoev, an Ingush writer, poet, and teacher.[g]
- Ruslan Mamilov, an Ingush artist, director, and sculptor.[h]
- Tamara Yandieva, an Ingush artist and singer.[s]
- Amur Amerkhanov, an Ingush artist, director, and singer.[t]
- Mikhail Gutseriev, a high-profile Ingush businessman.[u]
- Mukharbek Didigov, an Ingush politician, statesman, and engineer.[v]
- Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, an Ingush educator, social thinker, major political and public figure, agricultural economist, and sociologist.[f]
- Yunus-bek Yevkurov, a politician, Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation, former Head of Ingushetia.[w]
- Magamet Djabrailovich Yandiev, a politician, former Speaker of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia, and Head of the Administration of Sunzhensky District.[s]
- Daut Aubakirovich Yandiev, a politician and agronomist, former Vice Premier of Ingushetia, Minister of Agriculture and Food of Ingushetia, and Minister of Agriculture.[s]
- Muslim Alikhanovich Yandiev, a politician, former Minister of External Relations, National Policy, Press, and Information of the Republic of Ingushetia, and Mayor of Karabulak.[s]
- Magomet Isaevich Yandiev, a politician and economist, former Minister of Economic Development, and Moscow City Duma deputy.[s]
- Abdulaziz Djabrailovich Yandiev, an economist, former Minister of Finance of Ingushetia, head of the Federal Treasury Department of the Ministry of Finance of Russia in Ingushetia, and Assistant-Advisor to the Head of Ingushetia.[s]
- Musa Alkhastovich Yandiev, a jurist and writer, former member of the People’s Assembly of Ingushetia, and former Minister for Public Relations and Interethnic Relations of Ingushetia.[s]
- Zaam Yandiev, a military and political figure, active participant in the First World War and the Russian Civil War on the side of the Reds, and commander of the Ingush cavalry brigade.[s]
- Mussa Timurkoevich Sautiev, a military and political figure, chairman of the Defense Council of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus and Commander of the Armed Forces of Red Ingushetia.[x]
- Zarifa Sautieva, an Ingush activist.[y]
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Notes
- Martirosian 1928, p. 12; Krupnov 1971, p. 37; Volkova 1973, p. 151, 160–161; Volkova 1974, p. 153; Bennigsen & Wimbush 1985, p. 185; Kuznetsov 2004, p. 41; Gorepekin 2006, p. 14
- One of the earliest mentions of this toponym is found in the work Description of the Kingdom of Georgia by the 18th-century Georgian eristavi, historian, and geographer Vakhushti Bagrationi. He localized it along the Gorge of the Armkhi river (historical "Kistinka"), situated in mountainous Ingushetia.[18]
- As noted by Nataliya Volkova, "the resettlement of the Fappians to Tusheti is not chronologically determined." However, if the comparison made by Anatoly Genko of the Batskiye grebeny mentioned in Russian documents with the Bats people is correct, then the Fyappins were already present in Tusheti by the end of the 16th century. Additionally, Nataliya Volkova mentions various legends of the Bats and Ingush peoples. The Bats legends date the migration of the Fyappins to the times of Abbas the Great of the Safavid Empire.[21] Nataliya Volkova and Leonid Lavrov, in a different work, date the migration no earlier than the 16th century.[22]
- Kodzoevs are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoyevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi.[63]
- The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[48] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[49] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).[35] The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia",[50] while the information regarding which auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information from Zaurbek Malsagov[51] and Shukri Dakhkilgov.[47]
- 1195 Christians and 74 Muslims.
- Kotiyevs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Metskhal and Falkhan.[56]
- Gutserievs are part of the Kodzoevs, who in turn, are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi.[63]
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References
Bibliography
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