Galik alphabet

The Galik script (Mongolian: Али-гали үсэг, Ali-gali üseg) is an extension to the traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Mongolian: Аюуш гүүш), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names.^[1]

Galik Ali Gali
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Ayuush Güüsh
Period	16th century
Languages	Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Syriac alphabet Sogdian alphabet Old Uyghur alphabet Mongolian script Galik
Sister systems	Clear script Vagindra script
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Twenty-One Hymns to the Rescuer Mother of Buddhas in four scripts: Tibetan, Manchu, Galik Mongolian, and Chinese

Some authors (particularly historic ones like Isaac Taylor in his The Alphabet: an account of the origin and development of letters, 1883) don't distinguish between the Galik and standard Mongolian alphabets.

To ensure that most text in the script displays correctly in your browser, the text sample below should resemble its image counterpart. Additional notes on the affected characters and their desired components are provided in the tables further down. For relevant terminology, see Mongolian script § Components.

Reference image	Browser-rendered text	Romanization
	ᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ	hā

Letters

The order of the letters corresponds to the alphabetic order of Sanskrit.^[2]: 28

Vowels[3]: 61–63, 241–243 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 233 [1]: 37
Mongol­ian	Deva­nagari script	IAST	Tibetan script	Wylie (EWTS)[note 1]
ᠠ᠋ a	अ	a	ཨ	a
ᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ a‑a [note 2]	आ / ा	ā	ཨཱ	A
ᠢ i	इ / ि	i	ཨི	i
ᠢᠢ ii	ई / ी	ī	ཨཱི	I
⟨ᠦ᠋⟩	उ / ु	u	ཨུ	u
⟨ᠤᠦ⟩	ऊ / ू	ū	ཨཱུ	U
ᠷᠢ ri	ऋ / ृ	ṛ	རྀ	r-i
ᠷᠢᠢ rii	ॠ / ॄ	ṝ	རཱྀ	r-I
ᠯᠢ li	ऌ / ॢ	ḷ	ལྀ	l-i
ᠯᠢᠢ lii	ॡ / ॣ	ḹ	ལཱྀ	l-I
ᠧ ē	ए / े	e	ཨེ	e
ᠧᠧ ēē	ऐ / ै	ai	ཨཻ	ai
⟨ᠣᠸᠠ⟩	ओ / ो	o	ཨོ	o
⟨ᠣᠸᠸᠠ⟩ [note 3]	औ / ौ	au	ཨཽ	au
ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋	अं	am / aṃ	ཨ / ཨཾ	aM
ᠠ᠋ᢁ	अः	aẖ / aḥ	ཨ / ཨཿ	aH

Consonants[3]: 64–69, 189–194, 244–255 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 234–239 [1]: 37
Mongol­ian[note 4]	Deva­nagari	IAST	Tibetan	Wylie (EWTS)
ᢉᠠ	क	ka	ཀ	ka
ᢉᠠ/ᠻᠠ	ख	kha	ཁ	kha
ᠺᠠ	ग	ga	ག	ga
ᠺᠾᠠ᠋	घ	gha	གྷ	g+ha
⟨ᠡᠭᠡ⟩/ᢊᠠ᠋/ᢊᢇ	ङ	ṅa	ང	nga
ᡔᠠ᠋/ᠴᠠ᠋	—	—	ཅ	ca
ᡓᠠ᠋/ᢋᠠ᠋/ᢖᠠ᠋/ᠽᠠ᠋	च	ca	ཙ	tsa
ᠴᠠ᠋ ča	—	—	ཆ	cha
ᠼᠠ᠋	छ	cha	ཚ	tsha
ᡔᠠ᠋/ᢋᠠ᠋	—	—	ཇ	ja
⟨ᢋᠠ᠋~ ᢖᠠ᠋⟩?/ᠽᠠ᠋	ज	ja	ཛ	dza
⟨ᢋᠾᠠ᠋~ᢖᠾᠠ᠋⟩?/ᠽᠾᠠ᠋	झ	jha	ཛྷ	dz+ha
ᡛᠠ᠋	ञ	ña	ཉ	nya
ᢌᠠ᠋	ट	ṭa	ཊ	Ta
⟨ᡂᠠ᠋⟩/ᢍᠠ᠋	ठ	ṭha	ཋ	Tha
ᢎᠠ᠋	ड	ḍa	ཌ	Da
ᢎᠾᠠ᠋	ढ	ḍha	ཌྷ	D+ha
ᢏᠠ᠋	ण	ṇa	ཎ	Na
⟨ᠳ᠋ᠠ᠋⟩/ᢐᠠ᠋	त	ta	ཏ	ta
ᠲᠠ᠋ ta	थ	tha	ཐ	tha
ᠳ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᢑᠠ᠋	द	da	ད	da
ᠳ᠋ᠾᠠ᠋/ᢑᠾᠠ᠋	ध	dha	དྷ	d+ha
ᠨ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠨᠠ᠋ na	न	na	ན	na
ᢒᠠ	प	pa	པ	pa
ᠪᠠ/ᠹᠠ/ᢓᠠ	फ	pha	ཕ	pha
ᠪᠠ ba	ब	ba	བ	ba
ᠪᠾᠠ᠋	भ	bha	བྷ	b+ha
ᠮᠠ᠋ ma	म	ma	མ	ma
ᠶ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠶᠠ᠋ ya	य	ya	ཡ	ya
ᠷᠠ᠋ ra	र	ra	ར	ra
ᠯᠠ᠋ la	ल	la	ལ	la
ᡀᠠ᠋	—	—	ལྷ	lha
ᠸᠠ᠋ wa	व	va	ཝ	wa
ᢕᠠ᠋	—	—	ཞ	zha
⟨ᠰ᠋ᠠ᠋⟩/ᠱᠠ᠋ ša	श	śa	ཤ	sha
ᢔᠠ᠋	ष	ṣa	ཥ	Sha
ᠰᠠ᠋ sa	स	sa	ས	sa
ᠾᠠ᠋	ह	ha	ཧ	ha
ᢖᠠ᠋?/⟨ᢋᠠ᠋~ ᢖᠠ᠋⟩?	—	—	ཟ	za
ᢗᠠ᠋	—	—	འ	'a
ᢉᢔᠠ᠋	क्ष	kṣa	ཀྵ	k+Sha

Symbols and diacritics

Symbols and diacritics^{[3]: 63, 131, 133, 135}

Forms	Name	Examples
		Mongolian	Tibetan equivalent
ᢀ	Anusvara One	ᢀᠠ᠋	ཨྃ
ᢀ᠋
ᢁ	Visarga One	ᠠ᠋ᢁ	ཨཿ
ᢁ᠋
ᢂ	Damaru	ᢂᠻᠠ	ྈྑ
ᢃ	Ubadama	ᢃᠹᠠ	ྌྥ
ᢄ		ᢄᠹᠠ	ྉྥ
ᢅ	Baluda	ᢉᢅᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 5]	ཀཽ྅
ᢆ	Three Baluda	ᢉᢆᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 6]	ཀཽ྅྅྅

See also

• Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters
  • Sino–Mongolian Transliterations [zh]

Notes

1. The Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme – the Tibetan and Himalayan Library
2. For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + one connected, and one separated left-pointing tail (both ).
3. For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + loop (‍ᠤ‍) + two long teeth with downturns (‍ᠧ‍) + a final with right-pointing tail (‍ᠡ).
4. For correct rendering, all these final a's should appear as connected and left-pointing tails (). A's directly preceded by any of the bow-shaped letters k, kh, g, p, ph, and b should also include a tooth in between.
5. For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.
6. For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.