Generational list of programming languages

For programming languages categorized by generational numbers, see programming language generations.

This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

ALGOL based

• ALGOL (also under Fortran)
  • Atlas Autocode
  • ALGOL 58 (IAL, International Algorithmic Language)
    • MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD)
  • ALGOL 60
    • MAD/I
    • Simula (see also Simula based)
    • SETL
      • ABC
        • Python
          • Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)
          • Nim (also under Oberon)
          • Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, C#, Lua)^[1]
          • Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
          • Boo
          • Cobra (syntax and features)
  • ALGOL 68
  • ALGOL W
    • Pascal
      • Ada
        • SPARK
        • PL/SQL
      • Turbo Pascal
        • Object Pascal (Delphi)
          • Free Pascal (FPC)
          • Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux)
      • Euclid
        • Concurrent Euclid
        • Turing
          • Turing+ (Turing Plus)
          • Object-Oriented Turing
      • Mesa
        • Modula-2
          • Modula-3
          • Oberon (Oberon-1)
            • Go (also under C)
              • V (Vlang)
            • Nim (also under Python)
            • Oberon-2
              • Component Pascal
              • Active Oberon
                • Zonnon
            • Oberon-07
          • Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL)
            • Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]
      • SUE
        • Plus
  • CPL
    • BCPL
      • B
        • C (see also C based)

APL based

• APL
  • A+
  • J (also under FL)
  • K (also under LISP)
  • NESL
  • PDL (also under Perl)

BASIC based

• BASIC (also under Fortran II)
  • AmigaBASIC
  • AMOS BASIC
  • BASIC Stamp
  • Basic-256
  • BASIC09
  • BBC Basic
  • Blitz BASIC
    • Blitz3D
    • BlitzMax
    • BlitzPlus
  • Business Basic
  • Caché Basic
  • Chinese BASIC
  • COMAL
  • Commodore BASIC
  • DarkBASIC
    • DarkBASIC Professional
  • Euphoria
  • GLBasic
  • GRASS
  • GW-BASIC
    • QuickBASIC
      • QBasic
        • Basic4GL
        • FreeBASIC
        • Liberty BASIC
          • Run BASIC
      • Visual Basic
        • VBScript
        • Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
          • LotusScript
        • Visual Basic .NET
          • Small Basic
        • B4X
        • Basic for Qt
        • OpenOffice Basic
        • HBasic
        • Gambas
        • WinWrap Basic
        • WordBasic
      • QB64
  • PureBasic
  • REALbasic (Xojo)
  • Ring (also under C, Ruby, Python, C#, Lua)^[1]
  • TI-BASIC
  • True BASIC
  • Turbo Basic
    • PowerBASIC
  • wxBasic
    • SdlBasic
      • RCBasic
  • XBasic
  • YaBasic

Batch languages

• MS-DOS Batch files
  • Winbatch
• CLIST
• IBM Control Language (CL)
• IBM Job Control Language (JCL)

C based

• C (also under BCPL)
  • Lua
  • Alef
  • C++
    • Rust (also under Cyclone, Haskell, and OCaml)
    • D
  • C#
    • Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh, and Perl)
    • Ring (also under BASIC, Ruby, Python, Lua)^[1]
  • Cobra (class/object model and other features)
  • Java (see also Java based)
  • C--
  • Cyclone
    • Rust (also under C++, Haskell, and OCaml)
  • ColdFusion
  • Go (also under Oberon)
    • V (Vlang)
  • Harbour
    • Limbo
  • LPC
    • Pike
  • Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)
    • Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
  • PCASTL (also under Lisp)
  • Perl
    • Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and ksh)
    • S2
    • PHP
    • Ruby (also under Smalltalk)
      • Julia (also under Lisp, Python, ALGOL)
      • Ring (also under C, BASIC, Python, C#, Lua)^[1]
      • Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
      • Crystal
      • Elixir^{[citation needed]} (also under Erlang)
    • PDL (also under APL)
    • Raku
  • QuakeC
  • Ring (also under BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#, Lua) ^[1]
  • tcsh (also under sh)

C# based

• C#
  • Chapel
  • Clojure
  • Crystal
  • D
  • J#
  • Dart
  • F#
  • Hack
  • Java
  • Kotlin
  • Nemerle
  • Oxygene
  • Ring^[1]
  • Rust
  • Swift
  • Vala
  • TypeScript

COBOL based

• COBOL
  • ABAP
  • DIBOL
  • WATBOL

COMIT based

• COMIT
  • SNOBOL
    • Icon
      • Unicon
    • Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)
      • Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]

DCL based

• DCL
  • Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh, and Perl)

ed based

• ed (programming language)
  • sed
  • AWK
    • Perl (also under C)

Eiffel based

• Eiffel
  • Cobra (design by contract)
  • Sather
  • Ubercode

Forth based

• Forth
  • InterPress
    • PostScript
  • Joy
    • Factor
  • Rebol (also under Lisp)
  • RPL (also under Lisp)

Fortran based

• Fortran
  • Fortran II
    • BASIC (see also BASIC based)
    • SAKO
  • Fortran IV
    • WATFOR
    • WATFIV
  • Fortran 66
    • FORMAC
    • Ratfor
  • Fortran 77
    • WATFOR-77
    • Ratfiv
  • Fortran 90
  • Fortran 95
    • F
  • Fortran 2003
  • Fortran 2008
  • Fortran 2018
  • ALGOL (see also ALGOL based)

FP based

• FP (Function Programming)
  • FL (Function Level)
    • J (also under APL)
  • FPr (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming)

HyperTalk based

• HyperTalk
  • ActionScript (also under JavaScript)
  • AppleScript
  • LiveCode
  • SenseTalk
  • SuperTalk
  • Transcript

Java based

• Java (also under C)
  • Ateji PX
  • C#
  • Ceylon
  • Fantom
  • Apache Groovy
  • OptimJ
  • Processing
  • Scala
  • Join Java
  • J#
  • Kotlin
  • X10

JavaScript based

• JavaScript (also under Scheme, Self)
  • ActionScript (also under HyperTalk)
    • Haxe
  • Asm.js
  • CoffeeScript
  • ECMAScript
  • JavaScript OSA
  • JScript
  • TypeScript
    • AssemblyScript

JOSS based

• JOSS
  • CAL
  • TELCOMP
  • FOCAL
  • MUMPS
    • Caché ObjectScript

JOSS also inspired features for several versions of BASIC, including Tymshare's SUPER BASIC and DEC's BASIC-PLUS.

Lisp based

• Lisp
  • Arc
  • AutoLISP
  • Clojure
  • Common Lisp
    • uLisp (A subset of Common Lisp for microcontrollers)
  • Emacs Lisp
  • ISLISP
  • Interlisp
  • Julia (has Lisp-like macros, but ALGOL-like syntax) (also under Python, Ruby, ALGOL)
  • K (also under APL)
  • LFE
  • Logo
    • Turtle graphics
  • MacLisp
  • Nu programming language
  • PicoLisp
  • REBOL
    • Red (programming language)
  • RPL (also under Forth)
  • S
    • R
      • PCASTL (also under ALGOL)
  • Scheme
    • GNU Guile
    • Racket
    • Hop
    • Pico
    • T
    • Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)
      • Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]
    • JavaScript (also based on Self)
    • ECMAScript (also based on Self)

ML based

• ML
  • Standard ML (SML)
  • Caml
    • OCaml
      • F#
      • Reason
      • Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and Haskell)

PL/I based

• PL/I
  • PL/M
  • PL/C
  • REXX
    • Object Rexx (also under Smalltalk)
  • SP/k
  • XPL

Prolog based

• Prolog
  • CLP(R), CLP(FD)
  • Mercury
  • Erlang
    • Cuneiform
    • Elixir^[2] (also under Ruby)
  • Logtalk

SASL based

• SASL
  • Kent Recursive Calculator
  • Miranda
    • Haskell
      • Agda
      • Elm
      • Idris
      • Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and OCaml)
      • Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Objective-C)
      • PureScript
    • Nix

SETL based

• SETL
  • ABC
    • Python (also under ALGOL)
      • Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)
      • Nim (also under Oberon)
      • Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, C#, Lua)^[1]
      • Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
      • Boo
      • Cobra (syntax and features)

sh based

• Sh
  • bash
  • csh (also under C)
    • tcsh
    • Hamilton C shell
  • fish
  • zsh
  • ksh
    • Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and Perl)
    • Qshell

Simula based

• Simula (also under ALGOL 60)
  • C++ (also under C)
  • Smalltalk
    • Objective-C (hybrid of C and Smalltalk)
      • Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
      • Cobra (support both dynamic and static types)
    • Ruby (also under Perl)
      • Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
      • Elixir^{[citation needed]} (also under Erlang)
    • Self
      • JavaScript (also under Scheme) (see also JavaScript based)
      • NewtonScript
        • Io
    • Object Rexx (also under REXX)
  • BETA

Tcl based

• Tcl
  • Expect
  • Tea

Others

• Assembly
• BLISS
• CORAL
• Curl
• GPSS
• LabVIEW
  • NXT-G
• Microsoft Power Fx
• occam
• POP-2, POP-11
• REFAL
• RPG (Report Program Generator)
• Seed7
• SQL (Structured Query Language)
• TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language)
• TUTOR
• Joule
  • E
    • Pony