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List of rulers of Bengal

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List of rulers of Bengal
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This is a list of rulers of Bengal. For much of its history, Bengal was split up into several independent kingdoms, completely unifying only several times. In ancient times, Bengal consisted of the kingdoms of Pundra, Suhma, Vanga, Samatata and Harikela.

In the 4th century BCE, during the reign of the Nanda Empire, the powerful rulers of Gangaridai sent their forces consisting of war elephants which led to the withdrawal of Alexander the Great from the Indian subcontinent.[1]

With the rise of Gopala in 750 AD, Bengal was united once more under the Buddhist and Shaivite Pala Empire. The Pala period is considered as one of golden eras of Bengali history as it brought stability and prosperity to Bengal after centuries of Civil War, created outstanding works of art and architecture, proto-Bengali language developed under them including its first literary work, the Charyapada and so on. They ruled Bengal until the 12th century, before being succeeded by the Buddhist and Hindu Chandra dynasty, Sena dynasty and Deva dynasty. The rule of the Sena and Deva dynasty extended over various parts of Bengal,[2][3] until the arrival of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji as part of the Ghurid Invasion of Bengal.[4] [citation needed]

In the early 13th century, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji conquered the Western and parts of Northern Bengal,[5] and established the first Muslim kingdom in Bengal.[6] The Delhi Sultanate, under various Islamic dynasties such as the Mamluk Sultanate, the Khalji dynasty, the Turko-Indian Tughlaq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty ruled over various parts Bengal for some 300 years, interrupted and frequently challenged by local muslim rulers of Bengal.[7][8]

The Bengal Sultanate, a major trading nation in the world,[9] was founded in 1342 by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, after he united Satgaon, Lakhnauti and Sonargaon.[10] The Ilyas Shahi dynasty ruled Bengal for nearly 150 years. The Hussain Shahi dynasty founded by Alauddin Husain Shah, reached its greatest territorial extent which saw the extension of the sultanate from modern Bihar and Odisha in the west, to Kamaraupa and the port of Chittagong in the east, witnessing the arrival of the earliest Portuguese merchants.[8][11]

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Ancient Bengal

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Ancient geopolitical divisions

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Ancient Political Divisions
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The founders of Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Pundras, Odras and Suhmas shared a common ancestry. They were all adopted sons of a king named Bali, born by a sage named Gautama Dirghatamas, who lived in Magadha close to the city of Girivraja.[12]

Bengal from c. 1100 to c. 600 BCE
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Bengal and kingdoms in Late Vedic Period c. 1100–600 BCE
Bengal from c. 600 to c. 350 BCE
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Bengal and kingdoms in Mahajanapada Period c. 600–350 BCE
Bengal in c. 350 BCE
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Firstly entire Bengal conquered by Mahapadma Nanda in 350 BCE

Anga kingdom (c. 1100–530 BCE)

The earliest mention occurs in the Atharvaveda (V.22.14) where they are listed alongside the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavatas.[13] Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of Bimbisara. This was the one and only conquest of Bimbisara.[14]

Known Anga rulers include:

Vanga kingdom (c. 1100–340 BCE)

Vanga was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division on the Ganges delta. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southwestern Bangladesh and southern West Bengal (India).[15]

Known Vanga rulers are:

  • Samudrasena
  • Chandrasena
  • Karna
  • Bhagabhatta

Pundra kingdom (c. 1100–340 BCE)

Pundravardhana or Pundra Kingdom, was an ancient kingdom, that included parts of present-day Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions of Bangladesh as well as the West Dinajpur district of West Bengal in India.[16][17]

Known Pundra rulers are:

Suhma kingdom (c. 1100–340 BCE)

Suhma kingdom was an ancient state during the Vedic period on the eastern part of the Bengal.This kingdom was mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with its neighbouring kingdom Prasuhma.[18]

Videha dynasty of Mithila (Tirabhukti) (c. 1100–700 BCE)

Tirabhukti or Mithila region is bounded by the Mahananda River in the east, the Ganges in the south, the Gandaki River in the west and by the foothills of the Himalayas in the north.[19]

Mithila region firstly ruled by Videha dynasty. There were 52 Janaka (kings) ruled Videha dynasty of Mithila-[20]

  1. Mithi (founder of Mithila and the first Janaka)[21]
  2. Udavasu
  3. Nandivardhana
  4. Suketu
  5. Devarata
  6. Brihadvrata
  7. Mahavira
  8. Sudhriti
  9. Dristaketu
  10. Haryasva
  11. Maru
  12. Pratindhaka
  13. Kritiratha
  14. Devamidha
  15. Vibhuta
  16. Mahidhrata
  17. Kirtirata
  18. Mahorama
  19. Swarnorama
  20. Hrisvaroma
  21. Seeradhwaja
  22. Bhaanumaan
  23. Shatadyumn
  24. Shuchi
  25. Oorjnaamaa
  26. Kriti
  27. Anjan
  28. Kurujit
  29. Arishtnemi
  30. Shrutaayu
  31. Supaarshwa
  32. Srinjaya
  33. Kshemaavee
  34. Anenaa
  35. Bhaumarath
  36. Satyarath
  37. Upagu
  38. Upagupt
  39. Swaagat
  40. Swaanand
  41. Suvarchaa
  42. Supaarshwa
  43. Subhaash
  44. Sushrut
  45. Jaya
  46. Vijaya
  47. Rit
  48. Sunaya
  49. Veetahavya
  50. Dhriti
  51. Bahulaashwa
  52. Kriti (last King of Videha or Janaka dynasty, Kirti Janak was atrocious ruler who lost control over his subjects. He was dethroned by public under leadership of Acharyas (Learned Men).

During this period of fall of Videha dynasty, the famous republic of Licchavi was rising in Vaishali and Mithila region came under control of Licchavi clan of Vajji confederacy in around eighth century BCE.[22]

Gangaridai kingdom (c. 350–100 BCE)

Gangaridae is a term used by the ancient Greco-Roman writers to describe a people or a geographical region of the ancient Indian subcontinent. Some of these writers state that Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong war elephant force of the Gangaridai. However, the geographical region was annexed and governed by the Nanda Empire at the time.

A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to Ptolemy), has been identified with several sites in the region, including Chandraketugarh and Wari-Bateshwar.[23]

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Magadha dynasties of Bengal

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Expansion of Magadha dynesties and Empires

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700–682 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Ripunjaya was the last ruler of dynasty, dethorned by Pradyota in 682 BCE)

Pradyota dynasty (c. 682–544 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE)

Haryanka dynasty (c. 544–413 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Nāgadāsaka was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by Shishunaga in 413 BCE)

Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413–345 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Mahanandin lost his empire by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE)

Nanda Empire (c. 345–322 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Dhana Nanda lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)

Maurya Empire (c. 322–184 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Brihadratha was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE)

Shunga Empire (c. 185–73 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Devabhuti was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by, dethroned Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE)

Kanva dynasty (c. 73–28 BCE)

Rulers-
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(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Simuka of Satavahana Empire)

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Classical Era

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Chandra dynasty (c. 202–1050 CE)

The Chandra Kingdom was a Kayastha kingdom, which ruled the Vanga-Samatata region of Bengal, as well as northern Arakan. Later it was a neighbor to the Pala Empire to the north. Rulers of Chandra kingdom were followers of Hinduism.[24][25]

Rulers-
More information #, King ...

Pushkarana Kingdom (c. 4th century CE)

Gupta Empire (c. 240–550 CE)

Rulers-

Independent Vanga Kingdom (c. 525–575 CE)

  • Gopachandra
  • Dharmadiya
  • Samachardeva

Jaintia kingdom (c. 525–1835 CE)

Old dynasty rulers

  • Urmi Rani (?–550)
  • Krishak Pator (550–570)
  • Hatak (570–600)
  • Guhak (600–630)

Partitioned Jaintia rulers

  • Jayanta (630–660)
  • Joymalla (660–?)
  • Mahabal (?)
  • Bancharu (?–1100)
  • Kamadeva (1100–1120)
  • Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynasty rulers

  • Kedareshwar Rai (1120–1130)
  • Dhaneshwar Rai (1130–1150)
  • Kandarpa Rai (1150–1170)
  • Manik Rai (1170–1193)
  • Jayanta Rai (1193–1210)
  • Jayanti Devi
  • Bara Gossain

New dynasty rulers

  • Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
  • Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
  • Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
  • Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
  • Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
  • Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
  • Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
  • Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
  • Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
  • Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
  • Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
  • Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
  • Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
  • Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
  • Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
  • Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
  • Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
  • Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
  • Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780-1785)
  • Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
  • Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786-1790)
  • Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
  • Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)[26][27]

Gauda kingdom (c. 550–626 CE)

Rulers-
  • Early Gauda rulers are unknown
  • Shashanka (590–625), first recorded independent Hindu king of Bengal, created the first unified political entity in Bengal.
  • Manava (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by Harshavardana and Bhaskarvarmana in 626 CE.

Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Empire (c. 606–647 CE)

Rulers of Bengal-
  • Harshavardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India

Khadga dynasty (c. 625–730 CE)

Rulers-
More information Titular Name, Reign ...

Bhadra dynasty (6th to 7th century)

The Bhadra dynasty was a Bengali Hindu royal house of Brahmin origin, their rule flourished during the first half of the 7th century, though little is known about their history. The kings of the dynasty bore names with the suffix "Bhadra".

Known rulers are-
  • Narayanabhadra
  • Jyeshthabhadra

Mallabhum kingdom (c. 694–1147 CE)

Rulers-
More information Name of the king, Reign ...
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Post-Classical era

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Pala Empire (c. 750–1161 CE)

Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine.[30] Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:[31]

More information RC Majumdar (1971), AM Chowdhury (1967) ...

Sena dynasty (c. 1070–1230 CE)

Sena dynasty ruled southwestern Bengal from 1070 and ruled East Bengal until 1230. Vijaya Sena conquered entire Bengal by 1154 CE.

Rulers-

Deva dynasty (c. 1150–1294 CE)

List of rulers is disputed-
  • Purushottamadeva
  • Madhusudanadeva
  • Vasudeva
  • Shantideva
  • Viradeva
  • Anandadeva
  • Bhavadeva
  • Damodaradeva (1231–1243)
  • Dasharathadeva (1243–1281)
  • Vikramadityadeva (1281–1294)
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Delhi Sultanate period

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Khalji dynasty

The Khalji dynasty of Bengal (c.1204-27) were initially representatives of the Ghurid Empire, later becoming independent, although at times being subordinate to the Delhi Sultanate.

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Governors of Bengal under Mamluk dynasty (1227–1287)

Governors of Bengal under the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

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House of Balban

The House of Balban (c.1287–1324) came about as a result of Mamluk governor Nasiruddin Bughra Khan declaring independence.

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Governors of Bengal under Tughlaq dynasty (1324–1338)

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Bengal Sultanate era

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Independent Sultans of Bengal during Tughlaq dynasty (1338–1352)

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Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1352–1414)

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House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435)

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Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487)

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Habshi rule (1487–1494)

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Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)

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Governors of Bengal under Sur Empire (1532–1556)

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Muhammad Shah dynasty (1554–1564)

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Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)

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Baro Bhuyan

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Mughal Rulers

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Mughal Subahdars of Bengal Subah (1574–1717)

During the reign of Akbar

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During the reign of Jahangir

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During the reign of Shah Jahan

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During the reign of Aurangzeb

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Medieval Hindu dynasties of Bengal

Koch dynasty (c. 1515–1949 CE)

Rulers of undivided Koch dynasty (c. 1515–1586 CE)

Rulers of Koch Behar (c. 1586 – 1949)

Kingdom of Bhurshut (c. 16th–18th century)

Maharaja of Lower Bengal region

Known rulers are

Maharaja of Bhawal region

Rulers of Gazipur and Madhupur forest are in central Bangladesh.

Nawabs of Bengal

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Independent Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1757 CE)

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Shamsher Gazi's Kingdom

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Reinterpreted fort of Shamsher Ghazi at a resort in Southern Chhagalnaiya.

The advent of the British East India Company with its "exploitation and oppression" alongside zamindari subjugation, made life of the peasants and farmers difficult and despondent. Shamsher Gazi's efficient rule freed them of this control. With the granting of rent exemption to the peasants, he managed to govern the economy in an appropriate manner, leading to the reduction of the prices of essential commodities.[41] He was generous to both the Hindus and Muslims. He had ponds dug, naming them after himself, and built many schools in and outside his capital Jagannath Sonapur.[42] 'Kaiyar Sagar' was one of the larger ponds in the area.[43]

Nawabs of Bengal under East India Company (1757–1881 CE)

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Nawabs of Murshidabad

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East India Company governors in Bengal

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Governors of British East India Company in Bengal (1757–1773)

As per the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the British East India Company (BEIC) was given the right to collect revenue (Diwani right). From 1769, the company collected revenue from Bengal.

Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal – Dual government (1773–1793)

Following the Regulating Act 1773, the Governor of Bengal was officially called Governor-General of Fort William.

Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal (1793–1833)

In 1793, the British East India Company abolished Nizamat, i.e. local rule by Mughal emperor- appointed Nawabs and annexed Bengal.

Governor-Generals of British East India Company (1833–1858)

As per Charter Act 1833, the Governor-General of Bengal would be called Governor-General of India

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British Raj era

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1855 British Bengal missions
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1880 British Bengal province

With the establishment of the Empire of India in 1858, the position of Governor-General was replaced with Governor-General and Viceroy of India. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal also became the capital of India. As a result, the position of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal was established to look after provincial matters.

Lieutenant-Governors (1858–1912)

Governors (1912–1947)

In late 1911, the Indian Government decided to move the capital to New Delhi. As a result, the Governorship of Bengal Presidency was now necessary.

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Prime Minister of Bengal (1937–1947)

The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy in India and the position of Chief Minister or Premier of Bengal became very prominent.

Office holders

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Writer's Building in Kolkata, the former seat of the Government of undivided Bengal
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The mausoleum of Huq, Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy in Dhaka
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Subsequently, all three Bengali chief ministers moved to East Pakistan, where they continued to be influential statesmen. Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy became Prime Ministers of Pakistan, while Huq served as the chief minister and governor of East Pakistan.

After Independence of India and Pakistan

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British colonial period ended when India and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947. Bengal fell into two parts – one in India, named West Bengal and the other part in Pakistan as East Bengal, later renamed to East Pakistan in 1955.

East Bengal (1947–1955)

Governors of East Bengal (1947–1955)

Political Party

Legend

  Acting Governor
More information #, Portrait ...
  1. A.S.M. Akram was appointed Acting Governor during the leave of absence of Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne
  2. Abdur Rahman Siddiqui was appointed Acting Governor during the leave of absence of Sir Feroz Khan Noon
  3. With the dismissal of the United Front Ministry in East Bengal, Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad decided to enforce Governor's Rule in the province and appointed Iskander Mirza as Governor
  4. Sir Thomas Hobart Ellis was appointed Acting Governor when Iskander Mirza was taken into the central cabinet as Minister
  5. Muhammad Shahabuddin was appointed after Acting Governor after Sir Thomas Hobart Ellis
  6. Justice Shahabuddin resigned due to differences of opinion about the restoration of parliamentary government in East Bengal
  7. Justice Amiruddin Ahmad, Chief Justice of Dhaka High Court, was appointed acting Governor on the resignation of Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin

East Pakistan (1955–1971)

Governors of East Pakistan (1955–1971)

In late 1955, the prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra initiated the One Unit policy which resulted in East Bengal province being renamed to East Pakistan.

Political Party

Legend

  Acting Governor
  Functioned and exercised power as Governor by the order of president without being appointed as one
More information #, Portrait ...
  1. Justice Amiruddin Ahmad, Chief Justice of Dhaka High Court, was appointed acting Governor on the resignation of Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin
  2. President Iskander Mirza removed A. K. Fazlul Huq as governor on 31 March 1958 on the advice of the Noon cabinet for allegedly overstepping his limits as a constitutional Governor. Huq had dismissed Ataur Rahman's Ministry of Awami League that had not been defeated on the floor of the House, and had installed Mr. Abu Hussain Sarkar of his own party Krishak Sramik Party as Chief Minister.
  3. Muhammad Hamid Ali, Chief Secretary to the Governor of East Pakistan, was appointed Acting Governor in pursuance of the provisions of Article 70 of the Constitution following the removal of Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq from the office
  4. Sultanuddin Ahmad was removed from office on 10 October 1958 soon after the promulgation of Martial Law in Pakistan on 7 October
  5. Syed Hashim Raza was Acting Governor of the province during the absence of General Azam Khan's official visit to West Germany
  6. Unable to cope with the political problems of East Pakistan, Ghulam Faruque Khan resigned from office.
  7. With the promulgation of Martial Law throughout Pakistan and the abrogation of the constitution in the evening of 25 March, Mirza Nurul Huda's tenure of governorship came to an abrupt end after just 60 hours.
  8. On 25 March 1969 General A. M. Yahya Khan proclaimed martial law and divided the country into two administrative zones- West Pakistan (Zone 'A') and East Pakistan (Zone 'B'). Major general Muzaffaruddin was the GOC of the 14 Division, became Martial Law Administrator, Zone 'B'. On 8 April 1969, Yahya Khan issued an order directing that the Martial Law Administrators of Zone 'A' and 'B' would perform the functions and powers of the Governors of West and East Pakistan respectively. Thus Major general Muzaffaruddin became Martial Law Administrator and also exercised the powers and functions of Governor of East Pakistan.
  9. Lieutenant general Sahabzada Yaqub Khan was appointed as Martial Law Administrator of Zone 'B' and exercised the powers and functions of the Governor of East Pakistan.
  10. On 8 April 1969, President Yahya Khan issued an order directing that the Martial Law Administrators would perform the functions and powers of the Governor. However, a notification issued by the cabinet secretariat on 1 September 1969 cancelled the order of 8 April 1969 and directed Martial Law Administrators to refrain from performing the functions of Governor in their respective provinces with immediate effect. Lt. General Yaqub Khan remained Martial Law Administrator until Vice Admiral S. M. Ahsan took over as the new Governor of East Pakistan on 1 September 1969
  11. Lt. general Sahabzada Yaqub Khan was made the "head of civil administration in the province" and exercised the functions and powers of Governor from 1 March 1971 until the arrival of Lt. general Tikka Khan on 7 March 1971.
  12. Abdul Motaleb Malik along with his cabinet resigned on 14 December after realizing that Pakistani defeat was imminent and sought refuse in Hotel Intercontinental, seeking the protection of the Red Cross flag.
  13. Lt. general A. A. K. Niazi was the commander of the Eastern Command of the Pakistan Army and as the supreme authority of Pakistan in its eastern wing functioned and exercised power as the Governor of East Pakistan after the resignation of Abdul Motaleb Malik during the last 48 hours of Bangladesh Liberation War

Chief ministers of East Pakistan (1955–1971)

Political Party

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On 7 October 1958, the post of Chief Minister of East Pakistan was abolished. And after the independence of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971, the province of East Pakistan was dissolved.

West Bengal (1947–present)

Governors of West Bengal

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Premiers of West Bengal

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Chief Ministers of West Bengal

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After independence of Bangladesh

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East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan on 16 December 1971 after the end of Bangladesh Liberation War and was named Bangladesh as an independent nation.

The President was the executive Head of state of Bangladesh during Presidential system of government from 1975 to 1991. Thereafter, the Prime Minister is the executive head of government of this parliamentary republic while the President is the ceremonial Head of state, elected by the parliament.

Presidents of Bangladesh

Political parties
  Awami League (AL)
  Janadal / Jatiya Party (JP(E))
Other factions
Status
  Denotes acting president
Symbols

Died in office

More information No., Portrait ...

Vice presidents of Bangladesh (1975–1991)

Political parties
Other factions
More information Portrait, Name (Birth–Death) ...

Prime Ministers of Bangladesh

Note that numbering for Prime Minister is given either bracketless, or with ( ) brackets. Numbering for Chief Adviser is given in [ ] brackets. Acting Prime Ministers or Chief Advisers are not numbered and instead denoted as "—". There are 10 Prime Ministers, 1 Acting Prime Minister, 5 Chief Advisers, and 1 Acting Chief Adviser of Bangladesh so far.[94]

Political parties
  Awami League (AL)
  Janadal / Jatiya Party (JP(E))
Status
  Denotes an interim or caretaker government
Symbols

Died in office

More information No., Portrait ...

See also

Notes

  1. This refers to the 90-member rump legislature that emerged following partition, representing the West Bengali constituencies of the erstwhile Bengal Legislative Assembly. It was constituted under the Government of India Act 1935, not the Indian Constitution, which was still in the process of being drafted.[82]
  2. A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
  3. While the tenures have been primarily sourced to a list on the West Bengal Legislative Assembly website,[81] obvious errors (mainly around the 1969–71 period) have been corrected with the help of a historical essay from the same website.[82]
  4. Until March 1952, Roy did not represent any constituency. For his last three months in office, during the Third Assembly, Roy represented Chowringhee constituency.
  5. Following the promulgation of the Constitution of India, the provincial assembly carried on as the legislative assembly of West Bengal until fresh elections could be organised in 1952.[82]
  6. According to some sources, Sen also acted as interim chief minister during 2–8 July 1962.[84]
  7. Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India, President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[85]
  8. For the first 16 months Mamata Banerjee headed a coalition government that included ministers from Trinamool and the INC. After Trinamool quit the United Progressive Alliance in 22 September 2012, INC members resigned from her ministry, which has consisted of only Trinamool members ever since.[86]
  9. Pakistani prisoner to 8 January 1972.
  10. Acting for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
  11. Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (24 August 1975 – 4 November 1975 and 7 November 1975 – 29 November 1976).
  12. Also Chief Martial Law Administrator (29 November 1976 – 6 April 1979).
  13. Referendum.
  14. Direct election.
  15. During this period, Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussain Muhammad Ershad served as Chief Martial Law Administrator and de facto head of state.
  16. Served as Chief Martial Law Administrator until 30 March 1984.
  17. Acting for Zillur Rahman until 20 March 2013.
  18. Term ends on 24 April 2028.
  19. Senior Minister.
  20. Simultaneously served as President.

    References

    Sources

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