Huayquerian

The Huayquerian (Spanish: Huayqueriense) age is a period of geologic time (9.0–6.8 Ma) within the Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification. It follows the Chasicoan and precedes the Montehermosan age.^[1]

Etymology

The age is named after the Huayquerías Formation in the western Cuyo Basin of northwestern Argentina that was later dated to the Montehermosan. The most complete Huayquerian fauna is found in the Cerro Azul Formation, in Buenos Aires Province also referred to as Epecuén Formation.

Formations

Locations of Huayquerian formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Huayquerías Formation	Argentina	Cuyo Basin	[2][3]
Andalhuala Formation	Argentina	Santa María-Hualfín Basin	[4]
Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena	Chile	Caldera Basin	[5]
Camacho Formation	Uruguay	Norte & Santa Lucía Basins	[6]
Cerro Azul Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[7][8][9]
Chiquimil Formation	Argentina	Santa María-Hualfín Basin	[4][10]
Coquimbo Formation	Chile	Tongoy Bay	[11]
Las Flores Formation	Argentina	Sierra del Tontal	[12]
Entrerriana Formation	Argentina	Chaco Basin	[note 1]
Epecuén Formation	Argentina	Claromecó Basin	[note 2]
Içá Formation	Brazil	Madre de Deus Basin	[13]
Iñapari Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[14]
India Muerta Formation	Argentina	Sierras Pampeanas	[15]
Ituzaingó Formation	Argentina	Paraná Basin	[16][17]
Kiyu Formation	Uruguay	Santa Lucía Basin	[18][note 3]
Madre de Dios Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[20]
Maimará Formation	Argentina	Eastern Argentinian Andes	[21]
Mauri Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[22]
Miramar Formation	Peru	Sechura Basin	[23]
El Morterito Formation	Argentina	Cajón Valley	[24]
Muyu Huasi Formation	Bolivia	Muyu Huasi Basin	[25]
Navidad Formation	Chile	Chilean Coast Range	[26]
Palo Pintado Formation	Argentina	Salta Basin	[27]
Paraná Formation	Argentina	Chaco Basin	[17][28][29]
Pebas Formation	Brazil  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru	Amazon Basin	[30][31]
Piquete Formation	Argentina	Salta Basin	[32]
Pisco Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[33][34]
Quehua Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[35]
Raigón Formation	Uruguay	Norte Basin	[36]
Rosa Pata Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[37]
Saldungaray Formation	Argentina	Buenos Aires Province	[9]
Salicas Formation	Argentina	Sierra de Velasco	[38]
Solimões Formation	Brazil	Solimões Basin	[39]
Urumaco Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[40]

Fossil content

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Cyonasua pascuali, Huayqueriana cristata	Huayquerías	[41][42]
	Australophoca changorum, Brachydelphis jahuayensis, Thalassocnus natans, Acrophoca sp., Balaenoptera sp., ?Nanosiren sp., Odobenocetops sp., Piscophoca sp., Pliopontos sp., Pontistes sp., Balaenopteridae indet., Delphinoidea indet., Istiophoridae indet., Kogiidae indet., Monachinae indet., Odontoceti indet., Phocidae indet., Phocoenidae indet., Physeteroidea indet., Xiphiidae indet.	Bahía Inglesa	[43][44] [45][46]
	Arazamys castiglionii, Kiyumylodon lecuonai, Kraglievichia paranense, Lestobradys sprechmanni, Neoglyptatelus uruguayensis, Pseudoplohophorus absolutus, Euphractini indet.	Camacho	[47][48] [49][50] [51]
	Hyperdidelphys pattersoni, Microtragulus rusconii, Neocavia pampeana, Palaeoctodon aff. simplicidens, Pampamys emmonsae, Pliolestes venetus, Reigechimys plesiodon, R. simplex, Thylacosmilus atrox, Thylamys pinei, Thylatheridium dolgopolae, T. hudsoni, Zygolestes tatei, Eumysops sp., Sparassocynidae indet.	Cerro Azul	[52][53] [54][55] [56][57]
	Eosclerocalyptus planus, Orthomyctera andina, ?Palaeocavia mawka, Cardiomys sp., Chasicotatus sp., Chorobates sp., Diadiaphorus sp., Gyriabrus sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Paedotherium sp., Paleuphractus sp., Paranamys sp., Potamarchus sp., Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., Stromaphorus sp., Tetrastylus sp., Typotheriopsis sp., Vassallia sp., Vetelia sp., Xotodon sp.	Chiquimil	[58][59]
	Balaena dubia, Notictis ortizi, Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Otaria fischeri, Palaeobalaena bergi, P. dubia, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Pontistes rectifrons, Pontivaga fischeri, Ribodon limbatus, Saurocetes argentinus, Stylocynus paranensis, Toxodon paranensis, Chironectes sp.	Entrerriana	[60][61]
	Aspidocalyptus castroi, Borhyaenidium musteloides, Chorobates villosissimus, Coscinocercus brachyurus, C. marcalaini, Cyonasua brevirostris, C. prebrevirostris, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Elassotherium altirostre, Eoauchenia cingulata, Epecuenia thoatherioides, Hemihegetotherium lazai, Macrauchenia sp., Macrochorobates scalabrinii, Macroeuphractus morenoi, Paedotherium minor, Phtoramys hidalguense, Pisanodon nazari, Plohophorus araucanus, Pseudotypotherium carhuense, Tetrastylus araucanus, Thylacosmilus atrox, Thylatheridium dolgopolae, T. hudsoni, Cardiomys sp., Eosclerocalyptus sp., Lagostomus sp., Lutreolina sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Plesiomegatherium sp., Proeuphractus sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Thylamys sp., Hydrochoeridae indet.	Epecuén	[62]
	Cardiatherium calingastaense	Las Flores	[12]
	Amazonycteris divisus	Içá	[13]
	Mionothropus cartellei	Iñapari	[63]
	"Microtragulus ameghino"	India Muerta	[15]
	?Adinotherium paranense, Amphiocnus paranense, Brachytherium cuspidatum, Cardiatherium paranense, Chasicotatus spinozai, Chlamyphractus pressulus, Comaphorus concisus, Cyonasua argentina, Dasypus neogaeus, Diadiaphorus paranensis, Dilobodon lutarius, Dinotoxodon paranensis, Eleutherocercus paranensis, Eomegatherium nanum, Eumysops parodii, Eutomodus elautus, Haplodontherium limun, Hoplophorus verus, Kraglievichia paranense, Macroeuphractus retusus, Megabradys darwini, Megalonychops primigenius, Mesopotamocnus brevirostrum, Munyizia paranensis, Neobrachytherium ameghinoi, Neobrachytherium mesopotamiense, Neoepiblema ambrosettianus, N. horridula, Neohapalops rothi, Notictis ortizi, Octomylodon aversus, Ortotherium laticurvatum, O. robustum, Oxyodontherium piramydatus, O. zeballosi, Pachynodon modicus, Palaehoplophorus antiquus, Palaeotoxodon paranensis, ?P. protoburmeisteri, ?P. virgatus, Paraglyptodon paranensis, Parahoplophorus paranensis, Paranabradys vucetichae, Paranauchenia denticulata, Philander entrerianus, Phoberomys burmeisteri, P. insolita, P. lozanoi, P. minima, P. praecursor, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Pliomorphus mutilatus, P. paranensis, P. robustus, Proeuphractus limpidus, Prolestodon antiquus, P. paranensis, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Promegatherium parvulum, P. smaltatum, Promylodon paranensis, Pronothrotherium mirabilis, Protoglyptodon primiformis, Protomegalonyx doellojuradoi, P. praecursor, Proterotherium cervioides, Protypotherium antiquum, Pseudoeuryurus lelongianus, Ranculcus scalabrinianus, Saurocetes gigas, Scalabrinitherium bravardi, S. rothii, Scirrotherium carinatum, Sphenotherus paranensis, Stenotephanos plicidens, Strabosodon acuticavus, S. obtusicavus, Stylocynus paranensis, Thylacosmilus atrox, Torcellia paranense, Toxodontherium compressum, T. reverendum, ?Trachycalyptus cingulatus, Urotherium interundatum, Xotodon doellojuradi, Xotodon foricurvatus, Zygolestes paranensis, Anatochoerus sp., ?Berroia sp., Berthawyleria sp., Briaromys sp., Cardiomys sp., Carlesia sp., Caviodon sp., Chironectes sp., Colpostemma sp., Contracavia sp., Cullinia levis, Diaphoromys sp., Doellomys sp., Drytomomys sp., Eumegamys sp., Eumegamysops sp., Gyriabrus sp., Haplostropha sp., Isostylomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Myocastor sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paradoxomys sp., Paranamys sp., Parodimys sp., Pentastylomys sp., Pliodolichotis sp., Potamarchus sp., Prodolichotis sp., Protabrocoma sp., Protomegamys sp., Pseudosigmomys sp., Pyramiodontherium sp., Strophostephanos sp., Tetrastylus sp., Trachytypotherium sp., ?Zaedyus sp., Iniidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet.	Ituzaingó	[64] [65][66] [67]
	Proeuphractus limpidus	Kiyu	[68] [note 4]
	Noctilio lacrimaelunaris, Surameryx acrensis, Sylvochoerus woodburnei, Waldochoerus bassleri	Madre de Dios	[69][70] [71][72] [73]
	Proscelidodon patrius, Sparassocynus maimarai, Xotodon maimarensis	Maimará	[74][75] [76]
	Borhyaenidium altiplanicus, Hoffstetterius imperator, Mcdonaldocnus villarroeli Trachycalyptoides achirense, Dasypodidae indet., Hegetotheriidae indet., Lagostominae indet., Mesotheriidae indet., Nothrotheriinae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Mauri	[77]
	Balaenopteridae indet.	Miramar	[78]
	Calchaquitherium mixtum	El Morterito	[79]
	?Cardiomys sp., cf. Doellotatus sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., ?Orthomyctera sp., cf. Paleuphractus sp., Protabrocoma sp., Protypotherium sp., Pseudohegetotherium sp., cf. Sciamys sp., Dinomyidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet.	Muyu Huasi	[80]
	Paedotherium kakai	Palo Pintado	[81]
	Dioplotherium sp., Metaxytherium sp.	Paraná	[82][83]
	Koristocetus pescei, Tiucetus rosae	Pisco	[84][85]
	Cranithlastus xibiensis, Megatheriinae indet.	Piquete	[86]
	Microtypotherium cf. choquecotense, Plesiotypotherium cf. achirense, P. cf. majus, P. minus, Orthomyctera sp., Dasypodidae indet.	Quehua	[87]
	Pronothrotherium figueirasi, P. mirabilis	Raigón	[88]
	Pseudotypotherium sp., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., ?Macraucheniidae indet.	Rosa Pata	[89]
	Chasicotatus ameghinoi, C. cf. peiranoi, Chorobates villosissimus, Doellotatus cf. inornatus, D. cf. praecursor, Macroeuphractus cf. morenoi, Neophanomys biplicatus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. cf. minor, Phtoramys cf. hidalguense, P. homogenidens, Ringueletia simpsoni, Tremacyllus cf. impressus, Xenodontomys ellipticus, Acantharodeia sp., Aspidocalyptus sp., Berthawyleria sp., cf. Borhyaenidium sp., Dolicavia sp., Lagostomus sp., Neocavia sp., Palaeocavia sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Caviidae indet., Dasypodidae indet.	Saldungaray	[90][91] [92][93] [94]
	Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium cf. torresi, Lagostomus cf. pretrichodactyla, Macrochorobates scalabrinii, Neophanomys biplicatus, Orthomyctera andina, Paedotherium minor, Proeuphractus limpidus, Acantharodeia sp., cf. Cardiomys sp., Chaetophractus sp., Chasicotatus sp., Lagostomus sp., Neobrachytherium sp., Potamarchus sp., Protypotherium sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., cf. Tremacyllus sp., Hoplophorini indet., Octodontidae indet.	Salicas	[95][96]
	Abothrodon pricei, Acarechimys hunikuini, Acrecebus fraileyi, Amahuacatherium peruvium, Didelphis solimoensis, Eumegamys paranensis, Ferigolomys pacarana, Gyrinodon quasus, Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Lutreolina materdei, Mesenodon juruaensis, Mesotoxodon pricei, Minitoxodon acrensis, Neoepiblema ambrosettianus, N. horridula, Neotoxodon pascuali, Neotrigodon utoquineae, Noctilio lacrimaelunaris, Octodontobradys puruensis, Phoberomys bordasi, P. burmeisteri, P. minima, Plesiotoxodon amazonensis, Plicodontinia mourai, cf. Pomatodelphis bobengi, Potamarchus adamiae, P. murinus, P. sigmodon, Pseudoprepotherium venezuelanum, Purperia cribatidens, Ribodon limbatus, Scirrotherium carinatum, Scleromys colombianus, Solimoea acrensis, Stenodon campbelli, Telicomys amazonensis, Toxodontherium listai, Trigodonops lopesi, Urumacotherium campbelli, Xenastrapotherium amazonense, Anadasypus sp., Asterostemma depressa, Boreostemma pliocena, Cardiatherium sp., Cullinia levis, Gyriabrus sp., Hapalops indifferens, Kraglievichia paranense, Neoglyptatelus originalis, Palaeotoxodon sp., Paraglyptodon sp., Paratrigodon sp., cf. Planops sp., Pliomorphus sp., Plohophorus paranensis, cf. Protomegalonyx sp., Proterotherium cervioides, Pseudoprepotherium sp., Ranculcus sp., Saurocetes gigas, Simplimus sp., Stirtonia tatacoensis , Tetrastylus sp., Trigodon gaudryi, Urumacotherium campbelli, Cardiomyinae indet., Dasyproctidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Heteropsomyinae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Marsupialia indet., Megalonychidae indet., Molossidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Neoepiblemidae indet., Pampatheriinae indet., Pontoporiidae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Solimões	[97][98] [99][100] [101][102] [103]
	Ullumys pattoni	Las Tapias	[104]
	Eionaletherium tanycnemius, Lestodon urumaquensis, Phoberomys pattersoni, Pattersonocnus diazgameroi, Urumacocnus urbanii, Cardiatherium sp., Eumegamys sp., Hemihegetotherium sp., Ocnerotherium sp., Ribodon sp., Tetrastylus sp.	Urumaco	[105][106] [107][108] [109][110] [111]
Birds	Argentavis magnificens	Andalhualá	[112]
	Pelagornis chilensis, Spheniscidae indet.	Bahía Inglesa	[45][113]
	Argentavis magnificens, Eudromia sp.	Epecuén	[62]
	Andalgalornis sp., Devincenzia sp., Megapaloelodus sp., Phoenicopteridae indet., Phorusrhacidae indet., Rallidae indet., Rheidae indet.	Ituzaingó	[65]
	Anhinga fraileyi, A. cf. grandis, A. minuta, Phorusrhacinae indet.	Solimões	[99][100]
Reptiles	Caiman australis, C. paranensis, C. praecursor, Leptorramphus entrerrianus, Rhamphostomopsis neogaeus, Testudines indet.	Entrerriana	[60]
	Caiman australis, C. gasparinae, C. jacare, C. latirostris, C. lutescens, C. cf. yacare, Gryposuchus neogaeus, Mourasuchus arendsi, Parahydraspis paranaensis, Phrynops cf. geoffroanus, Tupinambis cf. merianae	Ituzaingó	[65][66]
	Chelonioidea indet., Crocodylia indet., Eusuchia indet.	Miramar	[78]
	Caiman cf. latirostris	Palo Pintado	[114]
	Acresuchus pachytemporalis, Caiman brevirostris, C. niteroensis, Charactosuchus fieldsi, C. mendesi, C. sansoai, Chelus colombianus, Chelus lewisi, Colombophis portai, C. spinosus, Gryposuchus jessei, Melanosuchus latrubessei, Mourasuchus amazonensis, M. arendsi, Podocnemis bassieri, Podocnemis negrii, Purussaurus brasiliensis, Chelonoidis sp., aff. Epicrates sp., Eunectes sp., Hesperogavialis bocquentini?, cf. Paradracaena sp., Stupendemys souzai, Waincophis sp., Brachygnathosuchus braziliensis, Colubridae indet., ?Gavialosuchus sp., Pelomedusidae indet., Serpentes indet., Testudinidae indet.	Solimões	[99][100] [101][115]
	Melanosuchus fisheri, Mourasuchus pattersoni, Stupendemys geographicus	Urumaco	[116][117]
Fishes	Carcharodon carcharias, C. hastalis, Cosmopolitodus hastalis	Bahía Inglesa	[43][44]
	Megalodon, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharodon hastalis, Carcharias sp., Myliobatis sp.	Camacho	[118][119] [120][121]
	Lamna amplibasidens, L. serridens, L. unicuspidens, Myliobatis americanus, Odontaspis macrota, Osteophorus typus, Sargus incertus, Silurus agassizii, Sparus antiquus, Squalus eocenus, Squalus obliquidens, Solea sp.	Entrerriana	[60]
	Colossoma macropomus, Megapiranha paranensis, Cynodontidae indet.	Ituzaingó	[65][66]
	Megalodon, Carcharhinus brachyurus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharias taurus, Galeocerdo aduncus, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Hemipristis serra, Negaprion brevirostris, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena, Aetobatus sp., Dasyatis sp., Myliobatis sp.	Miramar	[78]
	Megalodon, Carcharias taurus, Carcharhinus sp., Carcharodon plicatilis, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Megascyliorhinus trelewensis, Dasyatis sp., Heterodontus sp., Sphyrna sp., Squatina sp., Ariidae indet., Holocephali indet., Rajidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Sparidae indet.	Paraná	[122]
	Acregoliath rancii, Colossoma macropomum, Callichthyidae indet., Doradidae indet., Osteoglossidae indet., Phractocephalus acreornatus, Pimelodidae indet., Potamotrygonidae indet.	Solimões	[99][100]
Decapods	Homarus meridionalis	Entrerriana	[60]
Flora	Alnipollenites verus, Annulispora folliculosa, Arecipites asymmetricus, Baculatisporites comaumensis, Biretisporites potoniaei, Chenopodipollis chenopodiaceoides, C. multicavus, Cricotriporites guianensis, Cyathidites congoensis, C. minor, Cyperaceaepollis neogenicus, Deltoidospora minor, Dictyophyllidites arcuatus, D. chiquimilense, D. mortoni, Echiperiporites parviechinatus, Equisetosporites claricristatus, E. lusaticus, E. notensis, Foveotriletes microfoveolatus, Gleicheniidites senonicus, Graminidites media, Haloragacidites trioratus, Laevigatosporites ovatus, Leiotriletes regularis, Leptolepidites major, Liliacidites vermireticulatus, Malvacipollis argentina, Muricingulisporis verrucosus, Nothofagidites saraensis, Osmundacidites ciliatus, Palaeocoprosmadites zelandiae, Parsonsidites multiporus, Periporopollenites vesicus, Plicifera delicata, Podocarpidites ellipticus, P. exiguus, P. marwickii, Polycolporopollenites esobalteus, Polypodiaceoisporites simplex, P. tumulatus, Polypodiisporites speciosus, Psilamonocolpites grandis, Psilaperiporites minimus, Psilatricolporites cyamus, Reticuloidosporites tenellis, Rhoipites alveolatus, R. baculatus, R. cienaguensis, R. exiguus, R. karamuensis, R. santafesii, Rugulatisporites caperatus, Sparganiaceaepollenites delicata, Stereisporites antiquasporites, Striatricolporites gamerroi, Tetracolporopollenites megadolium, Todisporites major, T. minor, Tricolpites reticulatus, Triorites orbiculatus, Tuberculatosporites parvus, Tubulifloridites antipodica, Verrustephanoporites simplex, Gomphrenipollis sp., Klukisporites sp., Margocolporites sp., Myrtaceidites sp., Perfotricolpites sp., Reticulatisporites sp., Retistephanocolpites sp., Undulatisporites sp., Verrucingulatisporites sp.	Chiquimil	[123]
	Acrostichum palaeoaureum, Blechnum serrulatiformis, Cabomba aff. caroliniana, Caesalpinia aff. stuckerti, Cedrela fissiliformis, Ficus tressensii, Lycopodiella aff. cernua, Mayaca aff. fluviatilis, Ranunculodendron anzoteguiae, Sapium haematospermoides, Schinus herbstii, Equisetum sp.	Palo Pintado	[124][125][126]

Correlations

Huayquerian correlations in South America

Formation	Cerro Azul	Ituzaingó	Paraná	Camacho	Raigón	Andalhuala	Chiquimil	Las Flores	Maimará	Palo	Pebas	Muyu	Rosa	Saldungaray	Salicas	Urumaco	Map
Basin	Colorado	Paraná				Hualfín		Tontal	Andes	Salta	Amazon	Huasi	Altiplano	BA	Velasco	Falcón	Huayquerian (South America)
Country	Argentina			Uruguay		Argentina					Brazil  Peru	Bolivia		Argentina		Venezuela
Cardiatherium
Lagostomus
Macroeuphractus
Proeuphractus
Pronothrotherium
Pseudotypotherium
Thylacosmilus
Xotodon
Macraucheniidae
Primates
Rodents
Reptiles
Birds
Terror birds
Flora
Environments	Aeolian-fluvial	Fluvio-deltaic			Fluvial						Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvial			Fluvio-lacustrine	Fluvio-deltaic	Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora
Volcanic						Yes