IFNW1

Interferon omega-1 is a protein that is encoded by the IFNW1 gene.^[3][4]

IFNW1
Available structures PDB Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3SE4
Identifiers
Aliases	IFNW1, interferon omega 1
External IDs	OMIM: 147553; HomoloGene: 105922; GeneCards: IFNW1; OMA:IFNW1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 9 (human)[1] Band 9p21.3 Start 21,140,632 bp[1] End 21,141,832 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in testicle developmental structure ganglionic eminence n/a More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function cytokine activity type I interferon receptor binding cytokine receptor binding Cellular component extracellular region extracellular space Biological process natural killer cell activation involved in immune response B cell differentiation defense response B cell proliferation response to virus positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein humoral immune response adaptive immune response defense response to virus response to exogenous dsRNA cytokine-mediated signaling pathway T cell activation involved in immune response innate immune response regulation of signaling receptor activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3467 n/a Ensembl ENSG00000177047 n/a UniProt P05000 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002177 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_002168 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 21.14 – 21.14 Mb n/a PubMed search [2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Introduction

Interferon omega-1 (IFN-ω) is a subtype of the Interferon type I family. The Interferon Type 1 family is made up of cytokines (proteins used in cell signaling) which bind to the cell surface receptor IFNAR. They are found in mammals and play roles in immunoregulation, inflammation, T-cell response, and tumor cell identification. Type 1 interferons have also been found in birds, lizards, and turtles. Multiple subvariants of IFN-ω have been observed in non-primate mammals with placentas.^[5][6] IFN-ω has been linked to antitumor activity and protection against bacterial and parasitic pathogens.^[7]

Function

Through genome sequence analysis, it is thought that the IFN-ω gene diverged from the IFN-α gene roughly 130 million years ago. Interferon omega-1 serves as a cytokine that promotes innate immunity against viruses and cancers. It is involved with almost every nucleated cell.^[7]

There are sixteen subtypes of interferon type I. Despite having roughly 20%-60% sequence identity, the subtypes each act on IFNAR1 or IFNAR2 subunits of the class two helical cytokine receptor family. Specifically, IFN-ω shares 33% sequence similarity with IFN-β and 62% sequence similarity with IFN-α.^[7] The IFNAR1 subunit contains an intracellular domain that is linked to tyrosine kinase 2 and the IFNAR2 subunit contains an intracellular domain that is linked to Janus kinase 1. Once bound to these tyrosine kinases, a [phosphorylation] cascade will progress and is regulated by the STAT protein. Different responses result from the binding of each type I Interferon, and evidence points to the cause being conformational differences in ligand-receptor binding. The receptor can bind each type I Interferon in unique ways, creating respective downstream effects for each variant.^[8]

Structural Basis

Structure of the human IFNw-IFNAR ternary coplex, PDB: 3SE4. IFNw is colored red and IFNAR is colored blue.

Limited IFN-ω structures are publicly available. There has been a structure of the IFNω-IFNAR ternary complex which has been solved to a resolution of 3.5 angstroms via X-ray crystallography.^[8] From this structure, the protein consists of four long and aligned alpha helices and one short alpha-helix connection. It is bound to both subunits simultaneously and with each active site being at opposite ends of the protein. In this structure, there is a small molecule of NAG bound to IFNAR1 on the opposite side of IFN-ω binding.^[8]

The Arg35 residue in IFN-ω binds to the IFNAR2 subunit and is conserved across most IFN type I subvariants. Leu32 of IFN-ω is another conserved residue in the hydrophobic cluster involved in IFNAR2 binding. The Val80 residue of IFNAR2 is key in discriminating between Type 1 Interferon subtypes and has a large effect on IFN-ω binding.^[8]

For binding with the IFNAR1 subunit, the residue Phe67 of IFN-ω has key hydrophobic and aromatic interactions with the Leu134 residue of IFNAR1. Additional hotspot residues include Arg123 of IFN-ω and Tyr70 or the IFNAR1 subunit. A salt bridge is formed between Lys152 and Glu149 of IFN-ω and in a small distance from Glu77 of IFNAR1. When bound to IFN-ω, the SD1 of IFNAR1 undergoes a major conformational change that is not seen when unbound or bound to IFN-α2.^[8]

Clinical Significance

A study reported a correlation between a decreased level of interferon type I proteins and more severe COVID-19 cases that are not associated with detectable autoantibodies against IFN-ω or IFN-α.^[9]

IFN-ω has been licensed in several countries to treat canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus infections. However, due to expense and a time-consuming protocol of 15 total rounds of subcutaneous administration, its use remains limited. In guinea pigs, it has been found to significantly reduce viral loads of the Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 upon daily treatment. A limiting factor in its therapeutic use is the recombinant protein's short half-life, and this can potentially be worked around with techniques such as PEGylation.^[7]

Although it hasn't been licensed for therapeutic use, IFN-ω has been found to decrease the viral load of Enterovirus E, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Bovine viral diarrhea, Indiana vesiculovirus, pseudorabies virus, European bat lyssavirus, influenza virus, feline calicivirus, and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1). However, further studies are needed to reinforce these claims.^[7]

In combination with ribavirin, IFN-α has been used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus infections, however, this treatment option can carry extreme side effects. Evidence has emerged that IFN-ω could also serve as a potential treatment for HCV as it is more potent than IFN-α in repressing HCV RNA replicons.^[7]

Although limitations include time-consumption, necessary facilities, lack of specificity, and use of radioisotopes, IFN-ω can be used in the detection of APS-1. Anti-IFN-ω antibodies are shown to develop before APS-1 symptoms show which allows for early detection of the virus. Methods of antibody detection include immunoassay, radioligand binding assay, and antiviral neutralization assays.^[7]

Studies have also shown IFN-ω to treat numerous diseases in felines and canines, however, further studies are needed with larger sample sizes and controlled groups to ensure the accuracy of results. There is also evidence of antitumor effects on human tumor xenografts in nude mice.^[10]