Indolizidine alkaloids

Indolizidine alkaloids are natural products from various alkaloid groups whose structure can be derived from indolizidine.^[1]

Indolizidine, basic body of indolizidine alkaloids

Australian chestnut (Castanospermum australe)

Strawberry poison-dart frog (Dendrobates pumilio)

Occurrence

Indolizidine alkaloids are present in various plant families, including Elaeocarpaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and are also produced as metabolites by fungi and bacteria.^[2] For instance, Slaframine and swainsonine were identified in the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola,^[3] while Castanospermine was extracted from Castanospermum australe.^[2] Notably, this alkaloid group includes pumiliotoxins, which are the toxins of the strawberry poison-dart frog.^[2]

Representatives

Polyhydroxy alkaloids

The polyhydroxy alkaloids include compounds like castanospermine and swainsonine.^[1]

• 
  (+)-Castanospermine
• 
  (-)-Swainsonine

Pumiliotoxins

The primary alkaloids within the pumiliotoxin category are pumiliotoxin A and pumiliotoxin B.^[2] Other representatives include gephyrotoxin 223 AB and gephyrotoxin.^[3]

Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids

Representatives of this alkaloid group include tylophorine, tylocrebrine and tylophorinidine.^[4][5]

• 
  (+)-Tylophorine
• 
  (+)-Tylocrebrine

Elaeocarpus alkaloids

Representatives of this group include Elaeocanine A, Elaeocarpine and Elaeocarpidine.^[6]

Securinega alkaloids

The main alkaloid in this category is securinine. Others are securinol A and norsecurinine.^[7]

• 
  (-)-Norsecurinine

Tylophora alkaloids

Most of the Tylophora alkaloids belong to the phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid family, including tylophorine, septicin, and hispidine.^[8]

Ipomoea alkaloids

Main alkaloids of this group are Ipalbin and Ipomin. Furthermore, Ipalbidine and Ipohardine occur.^[9]

• 
  (+)-Ipalbidine

Properties

Swainsonine-type compounds are currently under investigation for their potential as active agents against AIDS. Swainsonine and castanospermine function as inhibitors of sugar-splitting enzymes. Castanospermine also exhibits anti-cancer and anti-HIV properties,^[2] while Slaframine acts as a parasympathomimetic agent. Pumiliotoxin A enhances the contraction of striated muscle, and gephyrotoxin has similar effects to pumiliotoxin A. Due to their multifaceted impacts on the nervous system, these alkaloids are in high demand. However, their natural availability through frog skin extraction is severely limited due to species protection measures.^[3]