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January 1925

Month of 1925 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

January 1925
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The following events occurred in January 1925:

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January 5, 1925: Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is sworn in as the first woman Governor of a U.S. state.
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January 20, 1925: Miriam A. Ferguson of Texas sworn in as second woman Governor of a U.S. state.
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January 1, 1925 (Thursday)

  • Two scientific papers changed our understanding of the universe were presented on the same day. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin completed her Ph.D. thesis, Stellar Atmospheres, described by astronomer Otto Struve as "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy", that led to our understanding that stars are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, rather than heavier elements as previously thought.[1] On the same day, at Corcoran Hall of George Washington University, astronomer Edwin Hubble presented to a New Year's Day meeting of the American Astronomical Society, his paper Cepheids in Spiral Nebulae, an analysis of the relation between the distance of remote galaxies and their relative velocity that showed the expansion of the Universe[2]
  • Norway's capital, Christiania, was renamed Oslo.[3]
  • In the Rose Bowl, the unbeaten and untied (9-0-0) Notre Dame Fighting Irish defeated the unbeaten (7-0-1) Stanford University Indians, 27 to 10, before a crowd of 60,000 people in Pasadena.[4] On the same day, the unbeaten (8-0-1) Penn Quakers visited the unbeaten (7-0-2) California Golden Bears in a postseason game at Berkeley, with California winning, 14 to 0, before 60,000 people. On November 22, Stanford and California had played to a 20-20 tie. Later in the year, economics professor Frank G. Dickinson of the University of Illinois ranked Notre Dame the best team of the 1924 season, followed by California as part of his "Dickinson ratings" that would later be recognized by the NCAA as determinative of a college football national champion.[5]
  • A small contingent of U.S. Marines arrived at Nanjing to patrol the vicinity of the university and protect Americans there from further looting.[6]
  • Costa Rica decided to withdraw from the League of Nations over the League's failure to address regional disputes.[7]
  • The states of Aleppo and Damascus were united into the State of Syria.[7]
  • Born: Paul Bomani, the first Foreign Minister of Tanzania politician and ambassador; in Musoma, Tanganyika Territory (d. 2005)
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January 2, 1925 (Friday)

  • Fresh violence broke out around Italy as Benito Mussolini's crackdown on opposition newspapers continued. Fascists seized or attacked newspaper presses while at least three were killed in rioting.[8] Mussolini met with King Victor Emmanuel III and requested dictatorial powers to quell the chaos. The king refused, but gave Mussolini tacit permission to act however he considered necessary within at least the appearance of constitutional legality.[9]
  • Leo Chiozza Money testified before Britain's Royal Commission that an increase in the world's population had led to the country's food situation becoming as desperate as it was during the war. "The 10 pence price of bread has doubled in recent years and looking into the future there are good prospects of its doubling again", he stated. Money recommended a "department of supply" be created to remedy the problem.[10]
  • Born:
  • Died: Nikola Petroff, 51, Bulgarian wrestler
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January 3, 1925 (Saturday)

  • Benito Mussolini made a pivotal speech in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. He took personal responsibility for the actions of his Blackshirts, challenged his political opponents to remove him from office and then promised to take charge of restoring order to Italy within forty-eight hours.[11] Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolini's dictatorship.[12]
  • Cyril Brownlie was sent off the field for foul play during a rough Test match against England during New Zealand's 1924–25 rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. It was the first time such a severe sanction had ever been applied in an international rugby match. New Zealand won 17-11.[3]
  • In a matchup of two of the best teams of the 1924–25 NCAA men's basketball season, the visiting Princeton Tigers of the Ivy League (officially, the Eastern Intercollegiate League) defeated the Ohio State Buckeyes of the Big Ten Conference, 39 to 34, after trailing 15 to 22 at halftime.[13] Both teams would win finish with only two losses and become champions of their conferences, with Ohio State at 14 wins and 2 losses. Princeton would finish with a record of 21 wins and 2 losses, and be retroactively selected by historians as the best team of the 1924-1925 season.[14]

January 4, 1925 (Sunday)

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January 5, 1925 (Monday)

  • Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first woman to be elected as the governor of a U.S. state as she was inaugurated as Governor of Wyoming.[18] Ross had won a special election on November 3 to fill the remainder of the term of her late husband, Governor William B. Ross, who had died on October 2. Mrs. Ross succeeded Frank Lucas, who had served as acting Governor upon Mr. Ross's death.
  • The only two Italian Liberal Party ministers in Benito Mussolini's cabinet, Gino Sarrocchi and Alessandro Casati, turned in their resignations.[19] They were to be replaced by loyal Fascists, who were now the only party in Mussolini's cabinet.[20]
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January 6, 1925 (Tuesday)

January 7, 1925 (Wednesday)

January 8, 1925 (Thursday)

  • In Italy, A joint manifesto signed by the leaders of the parties "on the Aventine" condemned Mussolini's suppression of dissent, writing, "The whole country can bear witness to the fact that the pretext of this policy is a ridiculous lie as no conspiracy is threatening the country and no attempt has been made against the laws." The manifesto suggested that Mussolini resign.[25]
  • In India, Bhanupratap Deo, the 3-year-old son of the late Lal Kamal Deo, was proclaimed as the new Raja of the Kanker State, a princely state within British India, and now part of the state of Chhattisgarh. He would rule until 1947, upon the independence of India and the abolition of princely states.[26]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • George Bellows, 42, American artist, died of peritonitis following a ruptured appendix.[28]
    • Leo Koretz, 45, American lawyer and con man who masterminded the "Bayano Oil fraud", a Ponzi scheme that gathered $30 million from investors for false claims of oil fields, died in the Illinois State Penitentiary from diabetes.[29]
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January 9, 1925 (Friday)

  • British economist George Paish said that another war in Europe was inevitable unless Germany's reparations payments were reduced and the French were to leave the Rhineland. He also warned that "Germany will not make the mistake she made the last time, in having Russia as an enemy, but will have that nation as a friend. Germany and Russia will be able to overrun Europe and establish a military despotism."[30]
  • Born: Lee Van Cleef, American film actor; in Somerville, New Jersey (d. 1989)

January 10, 1925 (Saturday)

  • The British submarine HMS HMS L24 sank in the English Channel after colliding with the Royal Navy battleship HMS Resolution. All 43 men on L24 died.[31]
  • The Ku Klux Klan was banned from the state of Kansas when its Supreme Court ruled that it was a corporation organized for profit and therefore could not operate there without a charter.[32]
  • A clause in the Treaty of Versailles (articles 276 and 280), requiring Germany to grant most favored nation trade status with the former World War One allies, expired and allowed the Germans to negotiate their own economic ties.[citation needed]
  • The deadline for the Allies to cease their occupation of the Germany's Rhineland passed without the withdrawal of French and Belgian forces. The government of France declared that the refusal was justified by "breaches of the disarmament clauses" of the Versailles Treaty.[33]
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January 11, 1925 (Sunday)

January 12, 1925 (Monday)

January 13, 1925 (Tuesday)

January 14, 1925 (Wednesday)

January 15, 1925 (Thursday)

January 16, 1925 (Friday)

  • Blues artist Huddie Ledbetter, more popularly known as Lead Belly, was granted a full pardon by Texas governor Pat Morris Neff, having served the minimum seven years of his prison sentence after killing one of his own relatives in a fight over a woman. Neff had been impressed by a religiously-themed song about forgiveness that Lead Belly had written and performed for him during a visit he made to the prison the previous year.[40]
  • Italy passed a new electoral bill containing a controversial provision for "plural voting". Double votes were to be given to academians, professors, those with diplomas, knights, military officers, those with any military decorations, officeholders, certain business personnel, all those paying a direct tax of 100 lira or more, and fathers of at least five children. Triple votes were to be given to members of the royal family, members of high nobility, cardinals, highly decorated war veterans, high officeholders, or anyone who met three conditions for double votes. The opposition blasted the provision as disproportionately favouring the wealthy, but Mussolini contended that it would help to encourage educated and productive Italians.[41][42]
  • Died: Aleksey Kuropatkin, 76, Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War

January 17, 1925 (Saturday)

  • Miriam A. Ferguson became the first female governor of Texas and the second in United States history.
  • Italy's Chamber of Deputies repealed the "plural voting" provision in the electoral bill passed the previous day. Mussolini consented to the change upon the advice of labour leaders within his party who feared it would draw too much resentment from the working class.[42]
  • Born: Duane Hanson, American sculptor; in Alexandria, Minnesota (d. 1996)

January 18, 1925 (Sunday)

January 19, 1925 (Monday)

  • Hjalmar Branting announced that, because of health, he was resigning as Prime Minister of Sweden. Branting died five weeks after stepping down.
  • The League of Nations opened the second session of the Second Opium Conference with the goal of reducing the worldwide trafficking and use of opium.[7]
  • Seattle Police Department Lieutenant Roy Olmstead was indicted by a U.S. federal grand jury, along with 89 other defendants, for smuggling alcohol from Canada into the United States, in violation of the Volstead Act. Convicted in 1926 along with 20 other defendants based on evidence gathered from wiretapping made on his telephone without a warrant, Olmstead would challenge the conviction in the case of Olmstead v. United States.[47] Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court would rule, 5 to 4, that wiretapping was legal, a decision that would not be overturned until 1967 in Katz v. United States.
  • German Chancellor Hans Luther and President Paul Löbe were mercilessly heckled to an unprecedented degree in the Reichstag as the new Cabinet was introduced and Luther outlined the new government's policies, including support for the Dawes Plan. Cries such as "traitor", "crook" and "monarchist" rang out from republican benches.[48]
  • Died: Marie Sophie of Bavaria, 83, the last Queen consort of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

January 20, 1925 (Tuesday)

  • The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention was signed by Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Lev Karakhan and Japanese Ambassador in China Kenkichi Yoshizawa, as Japan and the Soviet Union restored diplomatic relations severed during the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, and reached a number of agreements on matters that had previously been disputed between them. Japan agreed to withdraw troops from the northern part of the island of Sakhalin, which Japan agreed to withdraw from by May 15 in exchange for oil and coal concessions.[7]
  • The Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg voted to reject a treaty that had been signed with Belgium in 1924 by Prime Minister Émile Reuter.[49]
  • Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson was sworn into office as the Governor of Texas, becoming the second woman to assume leadership of a U.S. state after winning an election.[50]
  • Germany's Chancellor Hans Luther and Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann sent a secret memorandum to Britain suggesting a non-aggression pact between Germany and all nations with an "interest" in the Rhine valley, in return for a German guarantee to respect its post-war boundaries with France and Belgium.[citation needed]

January 21, 1925 (Wednesday)

  • Chancellor Hans Luther casually admitted in a speech to the Reichstag that his Cabinet had discussed changing the form of government, but had decided to remain a constitutional republic. The statement fueled charges from republicans that Luther was preparing to restore the German monarchy, as his Cabinet included several known monarchists.[51]
  • The Soviet Union held mass demonstrations culminating in five minutes of silence in observation of the first anniversary of Vladimir Lenin's death.[52]
  • Born:

January 22, 1925 (Thursday)

January 23, 1925 (Friday)

January 24, 1925 (Saturday)

January 25, 1925 (Sunday)

January 26, 1925 (Monday)

January 27, 1925 (Tuesday)

January 28, 1925 (Wednesday)

January 29, 1925 (Thursday)

January 30, 1925 (Friday)

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The entrance of Sand Cave in 2021

January 31, 1925 (Saturday)

References

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