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List of active separatist movements in Europe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
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Criteria
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Perspective
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
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Albania
In 2024, Edi Rama, the Prime Minister of Albania, announced plans to create an independent European microstate enclaved within Tirana to serve as a headquarters for the Bektashi Order with Baba Mondi as the head of state. The proposed state, called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order, would require approval from the Parliament of Albania and an amendment to the Constitution of Albania to declare independence.[5]
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Azerbaijan
Territory of the short-lived 
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6] or independence.[7]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[8]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[6] or independence.[7]
Belgium
Summarize
Perspective
Flemish and French Community
- Autonomist movements
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders[9]
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders[9]
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[10]
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[10]
- People: German-speaking Community of Belgium
- Proposed Autonomous Area: Eupen-Malmedy
- Secessionist movements
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state:
Flanders, or unification with the 
Netherlands[12][13][14]
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost[better source needed]
- Proposed state:
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Unification with
France[15][16][12]
- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state: Unification with
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: independence or unification with
Serbia[17][18]
- Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[19]
- Proposed: independence or unification with
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state:
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina[20]
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina[21]
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
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Croatia
- Autonomist movements
- People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Istria within Croatia[23]
- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)[24][25]
- Proposed: Autonomy for
.svg)
- Ethnic group: Croats of Dalmatia
- Proposed: autonomy for
Dalmatia
- Political Party: Dalmatian Action (2021)
- Proposed: autonomy for
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Cyprus
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state:
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed state: federation with
Cyprus,[27] unification with 
Turkey[28] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[29] - Government: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Armed forces: Security Forces Command
- Proposed state: federation with
- De facto state:
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Czechia
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for Moravia
- Proposition: autonomy for
Liberec Region
- People: Czechs
- Political party: Mayors for the Liberec Region[33]
Denmark
.svg)
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands[34][31] or autonomy[35]
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Proposed state:
- People: Danes of Bornholm
- Proposed state: Bornholm
or autonomy.
- Advocacy groups:Bornholmer Party
- Proposed state: Bornholm
Finland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland[36]
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
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Perspective
- Secessionist movements
French Basque Country/
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre – Euskal Herria[37][38][39] as an independent state or autonomy.[40]
- Political parties: Euskal Herria Bai, Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and 
Loire-Atlantique
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Brittany[41]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[42]
- Political parties: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Brittany Movement and Progress, Young Bretons Movement
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Corsica[43][41]
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or
Belgium (autonomist)[44][45]
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state:
.svg)
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence or autonomy
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença[46]
- Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun[47]
- Proposed state:
Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales
- People: Catalans
- Proposed state: reunification with
Catalonia, with the 
Catalan Countries or autonomy (including separation from the region of Occitania)
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[48] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist),[49] Popular Unity Candidacy, Catalan Unity[50]
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[51] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[52]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[53], Arran
- Proposed state: reunification with
- Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua[54] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[55]
- Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato[55]
- Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa[56][54]
Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Alsace[57][58][59]
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Alsatian Alternative, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Savoy[63][64][65]
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan[66] (EFA member), Occitan Nationalist Party,[67] Bastir Occitània[68], Assemblada Occitana,[69][70] Libertat
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area:
Franche Comté[71][72]
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
- militant organization: Franche-Comtât Abada!
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté, Yes Franche-Comté
- Proposed: reestablishment of the
County of Nice
- Political party: Ligue pour la restauration des libertés niçoises,[74] Parti niçois
- Proposed autonomous area: Picardy [citation needed]
- Political party: Picardie Debout! [citation needed]
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Georgia
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[76] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[77] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[78][79][80][81]
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[82][83][84]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Germany
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[85][86][87]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- People: Upper Saxons, Saxons
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Saxony
- Political party: Free Saxony[88][89][90]
- Political party:
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance[91][92][93]
- Non-governmental organization: Domowina
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area:
East Frisia
- Ethnic group: Frisians
- Political party: Die Friesen[94][95][96]
- Proposed autonomous region:
Franconia[97]
- Political party: Party for Franconia[98]
Italy
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Perspective
Friuli-Venezia Giulia region
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[99] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[100]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy[100]
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda[101]
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[102][103]
- Proposed state:
Padania[104]
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North[105][106]
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly),[105] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- Proposed state:
Mezzogiorno,[107][108] Meridione, Magna Graecia, or Due Sicilie[109][110]
- Political parties (autonomist):[111] We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy[112] Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South,
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Sud Ausonia[113]
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily[114][104]
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy[112]
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[115][116]
- Advocacy groups: Sicilian National Front,[117] Sicilia Nazione,[118] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[119]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for
South Tyrol or unification with 
Tyrol in 
Austria[120][121]
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
- Proposed state: Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Lomellina and Oltrepò Pavese, the old Province of Bobbio, Oneglia and Dolceacqua[54] "into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[55]
- Political parties: État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato[55]
- Advocacy groups: Gioventura Piemontèisa[56][54]
- Ethnic group: Tuscans
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
Tuscany - Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato[122][123][124]
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice or autonomy[125][126][127]
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy[128]
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
- youth organization: Independentist Youth
- National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement
- Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
- Political party: Valdostan Union[132][133][134]
- Ethnic group: Sardinian people
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Sardinia.[135][136] - Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo[137]
- Political parties: Sardinian Action Party
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Romagna (shown in green) in the Emilia-Romagna region
- Ethnic group: Romagnol people[138]
- Proposal: divide of
Romagna from 
Emilia-Romagna - Political party: Movement for the Autonomy of Romagna, Lega Romagna
- Proposal: divide of
Lithuania
- Ethnic group: Samogitians
- Proposed autonomous region:
Samogitia[139]
- Political party: Samogitian Party,Dawn of Nemunas
- Proposed autonomous region:
Malta
- People: Gozitans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gozo[140]
- Political organisation: People's Party (Malta)[141]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moldova
.svg)
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state:
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Proposed state: Transnistria [142] or unification with
Russia[142]
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Proposed state:
- De facto state:
- People: Gagauz people
- Proposed State:
Gagauz Republic
- Proposed State:
Montenegro
Netherlands
Location of Friesland
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for
West Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member) (Greater autonomy),[149][150] Groep fan Auwerk
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for
Poland
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Pomerania[152][153]
- Political party: Kashubian Association (Cultural Autonomy)[154]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Poles, Masurians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Masuria[155]
- Political Party: Ruch Autonomii Mazur
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Poles in Greater Poland Voivodeship
- Proposed autonomous area:
Greater Poland[156]
- Political party: Konfederacja Wielkopolan
- Proposed autonomous area:
Portugal
- ethnic group: Azoreans
- proposed state:
Azores
- militant organization: Azores Liberation Front[158]
- proposed state:
Romania
Summarize
Perspective
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[160]
- Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party[161]
- Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa,[162] Provincia,[162] Autonomy for Transylvania[163] Székely-Hungarian National Guard,[164][165][166] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată),[167][168] League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)[169][170]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[160]
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Székely Land or unification with 
Hungary
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[171] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[172] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[173] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[174]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[175]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium or unification with Hungary
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[176]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium or unification with
Russia
Summarize
Perspective
Secessionist movements:
Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia[177]
- People: Circassians
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Circassia
- Advocacy groups: International Circassian Association (Adygea), (former member of the UNPO), Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Free Nations League
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
_in_European_Russia.svg)
- People: Bashkirs
- Proposed state:
Bashkortostan[179] - Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance,[180] Bashkir Company[181]
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center,[182] Free Nations League
- Proposed state:
- People: Chechens
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile) - Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment
- Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
- Proposed state:
- People: Dagestanis
- Proposed state:
Dagestan
- Militant organization: Imam Shamil Dagestan Battalion
- Advocacy group: Dagestani National Center,[183] Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
- Proposed state:
- People: Ingush
- Proposed state:
Ingushetia
- Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
- Proposed state:
- People: Russian
- Proposed state:
Baltic Republic/Königsberg
- Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement[185] Free Nations League
- Proposed state:
- People: Kalmyks
- Proposed state:
Kalmykia with possible unification with 
Astrakhan Oblast[186]
- Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed state:
- People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
- Proposed state:
Karelia
- Militant organisation: Karelian Group
- Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement
- Proposed state:
- People: Cossacks[188]
- Proposed state:
Kuban
- Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League[189]
- Proposed state:
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
- Proposed state:
Ingria or Republic of St. Petersburg[191]
- Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders[192]
- Proposed state:
- People: Mari
- Proposed federal subject or state:
Mari El
- Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural
- Proposed federal subject or state:
- People: Erzyas
- Proposed state:
Erzyan Mastor[195]
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Erzyan Mastor
- Proposed state:
- People: Mokshas
- Proposed state:
Mokshan state
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural, Moksha Committee,[196] Free Nations League
- Proposed state:
North Caucasian Federal District
- People: Peoples of the Caucasus
- Proposed state:
Confederation of the Northern Caucasus, United Caucasia
- Advocacy groups: Chechen government in exile[197]
- Proposed state:
- People: Sámi people
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
Sápmi - Advocacy groups: Kola Sámi Assembly
- Political Parties: Kola Sámi Association
- People: Tatars
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan - Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile[198]
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center, Free Nations League
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Proposed state:
- People: Cossacks
- Proposed state:
Cossackia, 
Don Cossack Host
- Advocacy groups: Members of the Free Nations League[189]
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia[194]
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups: Free Idel-Ural
- Proposed state:
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[199]
- Proposed state:
Russian-occupied Ukraine
Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol
- People: Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 
Sevastopol - Proposed:
Crimean Tatar independence or autonomy[200] within unitary 
Ukraine[201]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People, Yellow Ribbon
- Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
- People: Ukrainians, Pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine
- De jure entities within Ukraine:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- Proposed: reunification with Ukraine[202]
- Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
- Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine
- Proposed: reunification with
- De jure entities within Ukraine:
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, .svg){kind=small}
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, 
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast,[203][204][205]
- People: Ukrainians, pro-Ukrainian Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars (Kherson Oblast)
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Zaporizhzhia Oblast, 
Kherson Oblast, 
Kharkiv Oblast
- Proposed: reunification with Ukraine[206]
- Advocacy organisations: Yellow Ribbon
- Militant organisations: Atesh, Popular Resistance of Ukraine, Berdiansk Partisan Army
- Proposed: reunification with
- De jure subdivisions within Ukraine:
Serbia
Summarize
Perspective
- Secessionist movements
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state:
- Autonomist movements
- Proposal: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia
- Political parties: League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina[207][208][209][210]
- People: Hungarians in Serbia
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Hungarians in the northern part of Vojvodina[211]
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Bosniaks in Sandžak
- Political parties: Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Justice and Reconciliation Party[212]
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Bosniaks in Sandžak
- People: Albanians in Serbia
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Albanians in the Preševo Valley[213]
- Political parties: Party for Democratic Action, Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley[214]
- Proposal: territorial autonomy for Albanians in the Preševo Valley[213]
Slovakia
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[215] or unification with Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[216] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[217]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[215] or unification with
Spain
Summarize
Perspective
- Secessionist movements
Basque Country (autonomous community) and 
Navarre
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[37]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state:
Catalan Republic – Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (pro-independence): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia, (32/135) supported by Left Movement, Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135) supported by Endavant and Poble Lliure
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical, Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León)
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (sovereigntist, EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- political party (Pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[220][221]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran
- Student movement: AGIR
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Aragonese people
- Proposed state:
Aragon
- political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
- political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida, Aragonese Workers' Union
- coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- movement: Independentismo aragonés
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Catalan people
- proposed: Independence for the
Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
- political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- political party (pro Catalan): Popular Unity Candidacy
- political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands
- proposed: Independence for the
- ethnic group: Andalusian people
- proposed state:
Andalusia
- political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
- political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
- political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers
- proposed state:
- ethnic group: Asturians
- proposed state:
Asturias
- political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
- political party (nationalist): Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
- political party (regionalist):Asturian Renewal Union
- political party (separatist): Andecha Astur
- proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Cartagena within Region of Murcia
- Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area:
Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[226]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
- political party: Juntos por Granada[228]
Sweden
- People: Swedes
- Proposed State:
Scania - Political Party: Scania Party
- Proposed State:
Switzerland
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[229] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[230]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
- Ethnic group: Swiss Italians
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Ticino
- Political party: Ticino League
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Ukraine
Summarize
Perspective
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, Urums
- Proposed:
Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol independence or autonomy[200] within unitary Ukraine, or unification with Russia (pro-Russian ethnic Russians)[201]
- Proposed:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
- Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[233]
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto states:
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast
- Proposed: unification with Russia[234]
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc (partially)
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
- Proposed: unification with
- De facto states:
Carpathian Ruthenia[235][236][237][238]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine,
Rusyns[239]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary[240][241]
- Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns[242]", "Opposition Bloc" (partially), "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations.[243][244][245][246][247][248] "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) [249][250][251][252]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary
United Kingdom
Summarize
Perspective
- Major movements
- People: English
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[253] English Constitution Party[254][255]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland or independence[256][257]
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[258] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[259][260] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[261]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member),[262] Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland,Scotland's Independence Referendum Party, Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)
- Advocacy groups: Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Wales
- Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party, Independent Alliance for Reform
- Advocacy groups: YesCymru
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Cornwall (including the Isles of Scilly)
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party, Green Party of England and Wales,[264] Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[265][266]
Communist Party of Britain (Autonomy)[267]
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
- People: Northerners
- Proposed state:
Northumbria or greater autonomy within the United Kingdom.
- Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max)[269][270]
- Political parties: Northern Independence Party[271][272][273]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Canvey Islanders
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party[279][280][281]
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Political Parties: Shetland Movement, Orkney and Shetland Movement, Scottish Green Party[282]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Political party: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention[284][285][286][287]
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- People: Orkney islanders
- Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom[288] or self governance under Norway[289][290]
- Advocacy group: Orkney Council
- Political Parties: Orkney and Shetland Movement
- Proposed: Autonomy within the United Kingdom[288] or self governance under Norway[289][290]
- People: Yorkshire folk
- Proposed autonomous area:
Yorkshire
- Political Party: Yorkshire Party
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Separatist movements of dependent territories
- Ethnic group: Gibraltarians
- Proposed state:
Gibraltar
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Manx people
- Proposed state:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Proposed state:
See also
References
External links
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