Top Qs
Timeline
Chat
Perspective

List of languages in the Eurovision Song Contest

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Remove ads

The following list is of languages used in the Eurovision Song Contest since its inception in 1956, including songs (as) performed in finals and, since 2004, semi-finals.

The rules concerning the language of the entries have been changed several times. In the past, the contest's organisers have sometimes compelled countries to only sing in their own national languages, but since 1999 no such restriction has existed.

Remove ads

History

Summarize
Perspective

From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule restricting the language(s) in which the songs could be sung. For example, Ingvar Wixell representing Sweden in 1965, sang his song "Absent Friend" in English. After this, a rule was imposed that a song must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating. This new language policy remained in place until 1973.

From 1973 to 1976 inclusive, participants were allowed to enter songs in any language. Several winners took advantage of this, with songs in English by countries where other languages are spoken, this included ABBA's "Waterloo" representing Sweden in 1974, and Teach-In's "Ding-a-dong" representing the Netherlands in 1975.[1]

In 1977, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) reimposed the national language restriction. However, Germany and Belgium were given a special dispensation to use English, as their national song selection procedures were already too advanced to change. During the language rule, the only countries which were allowed to sing in English were Ireland, Malta, and the United Kingdom as English is an official language in those countries. The restriction was imposed from 1977 to 1998.

From 1999 onwards, a free choice of language was again allowed. Since then, several participating broadcasters have chosen songs that mixed languages, often English and the national language of their country. Prior to that, songs such as "Don't Ever Cry" (Croatia 1993), "One Step" (Austria 1997), and "Goodbye" (Bosnia and Herzegovina 1997) had a title and one line of the song in a non-native language. Edyta Górniak, representing Poland in 1994, caused a scandal when she broke the rules by singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal[2][3] (which is shown to the juries who selected the winner). Only six participating broadcasters demanded that Poland should be disqualified, and with the rules requiring at least 13 of them to complain, the proposed removal did not occur.[4]

Since 2000, some songs have used constructed languages (conlangs): two Belgian entries were entirely written in constructed languages: "Sanomi" in 2003 and "O Julissi" in 2008. "Amambanda", representing the Netherlands in 2006, was sung partly in English and partly in a conlang.

The entry which used the most languages was "It's Just a Game", which represented Norway in 1973. It was performed in English and French, with some lyrics in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, German, Gaelic, Serbo-Croatian, Hebrew, Finnish, Swedish, and Norwegian. "Love Unlimited", representing Bulgaria in 2012, had mainly lyrics in Bulgarian, but with phrases in Turkish, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Balkan Romani, Italian, Azerbaijani, Arabic and English. "Pozdrav svijetu", representing Yugoslavia in 1969, was mainly sung in Croatian, but also had phrases in Spanish, German, French, English, Dutch, Italian, Russian, and Finnish.

For the first time since the reintroduction of a free choice of language in 1999, more than half of the entries of the 2025 contest were in their representative country's national language. Out of 37 entries, 26 at least partially contained one of their national languages (five were in English along with their national languages). The remaining 11 entries were in languages other than their national languages, and this was the first contest since 1998 where less than half of the songs were fully in English. Sweden was represented by a song in Swedish for the first time since 1998, Germany was represented by a song mainly in German for the first time since 2007, and Latvia was represented by a song entirely in Latvian for the second time in its history, with the other being in 2004.[5][6][7]

As of 2025, the only country that has never entered a song completely in one or more of its national languages is Azerbaijan, which has never entered a song fully in the Azerbaijani language (although the aforementioned "Love Unlimited" contained a line in the language; "Mata Hari", representing Azerbaijan in 2021, contained a repeated phrase in the language; and the chorus of "Özünlə apar", representing Azerbaijan in 2024, is in Azerbaijani). Monaco has never used Monégasque, its traditional national language, but French is Monaco's official and most commonly spoken language, and all of Monaco's entries have been entirely or primarily in French.

On the other hand, as of 2025, there are ten countries whose representatives have performed all their songs at least partially in an official, regional or national language: Andorra, Australia, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Morocco and the United Kingdom. In addition, former countries Serbia and Montenegro and Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian was an official language in both) and current countries Australia, Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom (English is an official language in all four), Monaco (French) and Morocco (Arabic) have only been represented by songs fully in an official language.

The only editions not to feature any English-language entries were 1956 and 1958, while 2022 was the first time in the history of the event that no entry was performed in French – with the two being the official languages of the contest. In 1956 and 1958, no Anglophone country participated, whereas in 2022, the three Francophone participants entered songs in English (Belgium and Switzerland) and Breton (France) respectively. While non-Francophone countries have in the past sent entries wholly or partially in French, none did so in 2022.

Criticism

French legislator François-Michel Gonnot criticised broadcaster France Télévisions and launched an official complaint in the French Parliament, as the song which represented France in 2008, "Divine" by Sébastien Tellier, was sung in English.[8] A similar incident occurred again in 2014, when Ruth Lorenzo was criticised by the Royal Spanish Academy after winning the Spanish national selection with her song "Dancing in the Rain", which contained some lyrics in English.

Remove ads

Spoken languages in the contest

Summarize
Perspective

The following natural languages have appeared in at least one competing entry in the Eurovision Song Contest:

Remove ads

Language families

Summarize
Perspective

Most Europeans speak one or several Indo-European languages as a first language, second language or both. Of the main branches of Indo-European, Germanic and Romance have been represented at every contest. Balto-Slavic languages, another branch of Indo-European with hundreds of millions of speakers, were first introduced to the contest by Yugoslavia and have become more common after the end of the Cold War as more and more countries with a Slavic national language participated. The Baltic subgroup of Baltoslavic has only sporadically appeared as these languages have few speakers outside Lithuania and Latvia. Smaller branches such as Hellenic languages, Albanoid, Celtic languages (including Breton and Irish), Armenian languages and others have likewise depended on whether the national broadcaster representing that language participates and selects an entry in that language. For example despite Irish being de jure a co-official national language in Ireland, there has been only one Irish-language entry, but two in Breton, a language that has been actively fought against by the French state in the 20th century. While the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European includes some of the most spoken languages in the world, few people in EBU member states speak one of those languages and thus their presence at Eurovision thus far has been minimal.

Non-Indo-European languages have been appearing since the 1960s. The first group to appear were the Uralic languages which include Northern Sámi, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian. In the 1970s Semitic languages (of the wider Afroasiatic family) which have been represented by the Maltese language, Hebrew and various varieties of Arabic first appeared in the contest. The Turkic languages have mostly been represented by Turkey (Azeri which is also a Turkic language has only been used for a few lines in a few songs thus far). As Turkey hasn't participated since 2012, the representation of Turkic languages has decreased.

Besides those languages that have notable communities of native speakers in EBU member states, there have been conlangs (languages "made up" by identifiable individuals or groups of individuals in recent times – some of the entries used a conlang devised specifically for that song bordering on glossolalia), languages from outside the EBU area as well as "dead" classical languages such as Ancient Greek, Sanskrit or Classical Latin used for songs, their titles or parts of their lyrics.

Remove ads

Spoken languages and their first appearance

Summarize
Perspective

Spoken languages are fully counted below when they are used in at least an entire verse or chorus of a song. First brief uses of a language and first uses of dialects are also noted.

More information Order, Language ...
Remove ads

Winners by language

Summarize
Perspective
  1. English (48.47%)
  2. French (16.31%)
  3. Dutch (3.93%)
  4. Italian (3.93%)
  5. Hebrew (3.93%)
  6. German (2.62%)
  7. Spanish (2.62%)
  8. Swedish (2.62%)
  9. Norwegian (2.62%)
  10. Ukrainian (2.62%)
  11. Danish (1.31%)
  12. Serbo-Croatian (1.31%)
  13. Serbian (1.31%)
  14. Crimean Tatar (1.31%)
  15. Portuguese (1.31%)

Between 1966 and 1972, and again between 1977 and 1998, countries were only permitted to perform in a official, national, or regional language of their country. Since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, only four songs in non-English languages have won: "Molitva" (Serbia 2007) wan performed in Serbian, "Amar pelos dois" (Portugal 2017) in Portuguese, "Zitti e buoni" (Italy 2021) in Italian, and "Stefania" (Ukraine 2022) in Ukrainian. Also, the winning entries for Ukraine in 2004 and 2016 combined lyrics in English with Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar, respectively.

In 2017, "Amar pelos dois" became the first Portuguese-language song to win the contest, the first winner since 2007 to both be in a language that had never produced a winning song before and be entirely in a language other than English. Among all Eurovision winning entries, only Ukraine's were performed in more than one language.

2021 was the first year since 1995, and the first since language restrictions were last lifted in 1999, that the top three songs were all sung in a non-English language: Italian (first) and French (second and third).

Remove ads

Entries in constructed languages

Three times in the history of the contest, songs have been sung, wholly or partially, in constructed languages or gibberish.[64][65]

More information Appearance, Country ...

Performances with sign languages

Some performances have included phrases in sign languages on stage.

Remove ads

See also

Notes and references

Loading related searches...

Wikiwand - on

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

Remove ads