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List of rampage killers in the Americas
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For rampage killers in the United States, see List of rampage killers in the United States.
This is a list of mass or spree killers in the Americas (excluding the United States). A mass murderer is typically defined as someone who kills three or more people in one incident, with no "cooling off" period, not including themselves.[1][2] A mass murder typically occurs in a single location where one or more persons kill several others.[3][4][5]
Specific notable subtypes of mass murder, including politically motivated crimes, workplace killings, school attacks and familicides, have their own lists.
This list does not include serial killers, members of democidal governments, or major political figures who orchestrated such actions.
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List of rampage killers
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More information Perpetrator, Date ...
| Perpetrator | Date | Year | Location | Country | Killed | Injured | W | Additional notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alves, Adilson Marcelino, 21 dos Santos, Jose, 31 dos Santos, Walter Rosa, |
Dec 17 | 1961 | Niterói | 503 |
800+ |
A | Alves was sentenced to 16 years in prison. Jose dos Santos was sentenced to 14 years in prison. Walter Rosa dos Santos was sentenced to 16 years in prison. |
||
| Mondaca Mella, Francisco Ignacio, 22 (accused) Pinto Orellana, Franco Antonio, 31 (accused) Salazar Inostroza, Elías Antonio, 39 (accused) |
Feb 2–3 | 2024 | Valparaíso | 138+ |
1,100+ |
A | Charged with starting the 2024 Chile wildfires; under investigation | [6][7] | |
| Medina, Alfonso, 22 | Aug. | 1966 | Chavinda | 69 |
300–600 |
P | Arrested | [8] | |
| Unknown | May | 2025 | Kenscoff | 40 |
? |
P | Arrested | [9] | |
| Chiasson, Louis, 64 | Dec 2 | 1969 | Notre-Dame-du-Lac, Quebec | 38-44 |
2 |
A | Sentenced to life imprisonment | [10] | |
| Gilles Eccles, James O'Brien, James-Marc Boutin | Sept.1 | 1972 | Montreal | 37 |
50+ |
A | Arrested | [11][12] | |
| Delgado Morales, Campo Elías, 52[n 1] | Dec 4 | 1986 | Bogotá | 29 | 12 | FMA | Killed by police | ||
| Da Mota Silveira, Manuel | Nov 26 | 1960 | Carpina | 23 |
40+ |
V | Arrested | [13] | |
| Guay, Albert, 33
Pitre, Marguerite, 41 Ruest, Généreux, 51 |
Sep 9 | 1949 | Sault-au-Cochon, Quebec | 23 |
0 |
E | Bombed Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108.
Sentenced to death and executed |
||
| Wortman, Gabriel, 51 | April 18–19 | 2020 | Nova Scotia | 22 | 3 | F A | Killed by police Terminated a pregnancy Also killed two dogs | [14] | |
| Rojas Rodríguez, Aldemar José | Jan 17 | 2019 | Bogotá | 21 |
68 |
E | Committed suicide | ||
| Kenney, John Edward, 27 | June 21 | 1977 | Saint John, New Brunswick | 21 |
? |
A | [15] | ||
| Pereira Lima, João | Jun. | 1952 | Ilha Anchieta | 20+ |
? |
F | Arrested | [16] | |
| Unknown, 15 | May 21 | 2023 | Mahdia | 20 |
29 |
A | Arrested | ||
| de França Luis, Jorge da Costa Manoel, Hermilio |
May 7 | 1954 | Braço Forte, Guanabara Bay | 17 |
0 |
E | Arrested da Costa also killed a person after the attack |
[17] | |
| Unknown | Oct 9 | 1994 | Djimenzen | 14 |
12+ |
V | [18] | ||
| Ferreira de França, Genildo, 27[n 1] | May 21–22 | 1997 | Santo Antônio de Potengi | 14 | 1 | F | Died by suicide | ||
| de Freitas, Alfredo | Sep 18 | 1962 | Belo Horizonte | 13 |
40–77 |
V | Escaped | [19] | |
| Augusto, Pedro[n 2] | Aug. | 1900 | Rio de Janeiro | 12 |
? |
FM | Arrested | [20] | |
| Unknown | Feb 10–13 | 2018 | Oruro | 12 |
49+ |
E | |||
| Lo, Kai-Ji Adam, 30 | April 26 | 2025 | Vancouver | 11 |
32 |
V | Arrested | [21] | |
| Sanderson, Myles Brandon, 32[n 1] | Sep 4 | 2022 | James Smith Cree Nation & Weldon | 11 | 17 | M | Died in police custody | [22] | |
| Minassian, Alek, 25 | April 23 | 2018 | Toronto, Ontario | 11 |
15 |
V | Sentenced to life imprisonment One of the victims died in 2021; attributed to this event |
[23][24] | |
| Lozano Velásquez, Juan de Jesús, 26 | June 24 | 2000 | Bogotá | 11 | 7 | F | Sentenced to 40 years in prison | ||
| Caceres, Gregorio, 50 | Feb 18 | 1942 | Trujillo | 11 | 4 | M | Killed | [25] | |
| Unknown | Dec 19 | 1962 | Havana | 11 |
? |
Killed by soldiers | [26] | ||
| Flores Eliseo, Óscar, 35[n 1] | July 31 | 2005 | San Jerónimo de Juárez | 11 | 2 | FM | Injured by police, killed by angry mob | [27] | |
| Unknown | May 24 | 1944 | Hamilton, Ontario | 10 |
47 |
A | [28] | ||
| Memado, Raymundo | July | 1902 | Alcobaça, Bahia | 10 | 0 | F | [29] | ||
| Malagón González, Arnoldo, 22 | June 1 | 1993 | Soacha | 10 | ? | F | Arrested | [30] | |
| Chahal, Vijay Mark, 30[n 3] | April 5 | 1996 | Vernon, British Columbia | 9 |
2 |
F | Fatally shot himself | [31] | |
| França, Arlindo[n 3][n 4] | April 10 | 1951 | Pocinhos | 9 |
0 |
FM | Arrested | [32] | |
| Hoffman, Victor Ernest, 21[n 3][n 4] | Aug 15 | 1967 | Shell Lake, Saskatchewan | 9 |
0 |
F | Found not guilty by reason of insanity | [33] | |
| Lima, Emival Menezes, 21 Ximenes, Carlos Roberto, 24 |
March 31 | 1984 | Araguaína | 9 |
0 |
FM | Both sentenced to 261 years in prison Terminated a pregnancy |
[34] | |
| Warren, Roger, 49 | Sep 18 | 1992 | Yellowknife | 9 |
0 |
E | Granted full parole | [35] | |
| Unknown | Oct 29 | 1924 | British Columbia | 9 |
0 |
E | [36] | ||
| Hyatt, Thaddeus, 26 | March 30 | 1959 | Labyrinth | 8 |
14 |
M | Sentenced to death and executed | [37] | |
| Taucci Monteiro, Guilherme, 17 Henrique de Castro, Luiz, 25 |
March 13 | 2019 | Suzano | 8 |
11 |
FME | Died by suicide pact | ||
| García Antonio, Germán[n 1] | May 2 | 1985 | Guadalupe la Mexicana | 8 |
1 |
F | Died by suicide | [38] | |
| Colindres, Lagos Ipsaú Elías | Feb 19 | 2008 | San Juan de Flores | 8 |
1 |
M | Arrested | [39] | |
| Nelson, Dale Merle, 31 | Sep 5 | 1970 | Creston, British Columbia | 8 |
0 |
FM | Sentenced to life imprisonment | [40] | |
| Martins, Terezinha, 40[n 3][n 4] | Oct 3 | 1999 | Nova América da Colina | 8 |
0 |
A | Sentenced to 150 years in prison | [41] | |
| Lam, Phu,[n 1] 53 | Dec 29 | 2014 | Edmonton | 8 |
0 |
F | Fatally shot himself | ||
| Temu Morente, Tomás 26 | Oct 21 | 1994 | San Antonio | 8 | ? | M | Arrested | [42] | |
| Unknown[n 3] | Dec 26 | 1977 | Angostura | 8 |
? |
FM | Arrested Also killed a dog |
[43] | |
| García, Junior Fabiano[n 2][n 1] | Jul 15 | 2022 | Paraná | 8 |
0 |
F | Committed suicide | [44] | |
| Dodds, James | Mar 9 | 1912 | Winnipeg, Manitoba | 7-10 |
10-13 |
A | Arrested. Some reports say three of the thirteen injured people later died in hospital. | [45] | |
| Modesto Filho, Manoel[n 2] | Oct 22–23 | 1939 | São Paulo | 7 | 12 | F | Died by suicide | [46] | |
| José Vidal Céspedes, 39 | Jan 31 | 1993 | Acahay | 7 |
9 |
V | Arrested and dead | [47] | |
| Unknown | Feb 15 | 1930 | Victoria | 7 |
7 |
F | Possibly escaped Two people died from shock. |
[48] | |
| Barraga, Jose Alberto, 34 | Feb 18 | 1968 | Tello | 7 | 4 | M | Killed by soldiers | [49] | |
| Martínez, Hurtado Erlyn, 26 | Mar 8 | 2005 | Monteverde | 7 |
3 |
F | Killed by police | ||
| Klemmensen, Abel, 18[n 1] | Jan 1 | 1990 | Narsaq | 7 | 1 | F | Sentenced to life imprisonment | [50] | |
| Colombo, 35 | 10.04 Oct 4 |
1939 | Rosario | 7 |
01 1 |
F | Died by suicide | [51] | |
| McCallum, Frederick Moses, 19[n 4] | Jan 30 | 1969 | Buffalo Narrows | 7 |
1 |
M | Found not guilty by reason of insanity | [52] | |
| Manoel Rosas[n 3][n 4] | 07.12 July 12 |
1939 | Acaraú | 7 |
0.1 0 |
P | Arrested | [53] Vic: (7 persons); Occ: ---; W: Poison; Rel: --- | |
| dos Santos, Luiz Gonzaga Pereira[n 3] | June 29 | 1979 | Triunfo | 7 |
0 |
F | Escaped, killed on shootout in 1981 Suspect in 4 other murders |
[54] | |
| Coronado, Manuel Martínez, 39[n 3] Arias, Daniel, 60 |
May 17 | 1995 | El Palmar | 7 |
0 |
F | Coronado sentenced to death and executed Arias sentenced to 30 years in prison |
||
| Jean Carlos Hernández, 21 Reynaldo Cuadra McBean, 25 | 07.17 July 17 | 2020 | Gatun Lake | 7 | 0 | F | McBean sentenced to 50 years in prison Hernández sentenced to 36 years | [55] | |
| Clark, Etter John, 41[n 3] | June 3 | 1956 | Erskine, Alberta | 7 |
0 |
F | Fatally shot himself | ||
| Cook, Raymond Robert, 22[n 3] | June 25 | 1959 | Stettler, Alberta | 7 |
0 |
F | Sentenced to death and executed | [56] | |
| Hogue, Raymond Leonard[n 3][n 2] | April 20 | 1965 | Coquitlam | 7 |
0 |
F | Fatally shot himself | [57] | |
| Vasquez, Ignacio[n 2] | Jan 31 | 1960 | San Francisco Piletas | 7 |
? |
F | Died by suicide | [58] | |
| Bissonnette, Alexandre, 27 | Jan 29 | 2017 | Quebec City | 6 |
19 |
F | Sentenced to life in prison | [59] | |
| Rodríguez, Belarminio Antonio[n 2] | 03.25 March 25–26 | 1968 | Valverde Province | 6 | 9 | F | Arrested | [60] | |
| Santana Cedano, José Ángelo, 39 | July 24 | 2021 | Higüey | 6 | 8 | F | Killed by police | [61] | |
| Rolle, Reuben, 30[n 1] | May 20 | 1964 | Nassau | 6 | 6 | F | Died by suicide One more died from a heart attack | [62] | |
| Navarrete Gómez, Luis Alonso, 28[n 2] | June 2 | 2000 | El Tablón | 6 | 4 | F | Sentenced to 30 years in prison | [63] | |
| Milhomem, Mauro | June 1 | 1980 | Barra do Garças | 6 |
4 |
V | Died in the crash | [64] | |
| Lepine, William Bernard, 27 | Aug 28 | 1972 | Kettle Valley | 6 | 3 | F | Found not guilty by reason of insanity | [65] | |
| Headley, Hubert, 33[n 1] | Dec 9 | 1994 | Buxton & Friendship | 6 | 3 | M | Killed by police Also killed a dog | [66] | |
| Unknown | 1935 | 6 | 2 | F | Escaped | [67] | |||
| Rivas, Valerio, 47[n 1] | April | 1941 | Bahía Blanca | 6 | 2 | M | Killed by police | [68] | |
| Jiménez Rodríguez, Alberto[n 2] Farfán Moore, Yair[n 2] | June 10 | 2007 | Balsillas | 6 | 2 | F | Both were sentenced to 40 years in prison | [69] | |
| Barreto, Miguel[n 1] | Oct 5 | 1991 | Hatillo | 6 |
2 |
M | Killed | [70] | |
| Roldán Concha, José Misael, 27[n 3][n 4] | July 7 | 1957 | Pupunahue | 6 |
1 |
MA | Sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment Also killed a person in 1954 |
[71] | |
| De-Zoysa, Febrio, 19 | March 6 | 2024 | Ottawa, Ontario | 6 |
1 |
M | Arrested | [72] | |
| Gonçalves da Silva, Joaquim, 21[n 3][n 4] | 02.00 Feb. |
1969 | Nova Andradina | 6 |
0 |
M | Arrested | [73] | |
| Shearing, David William, 23[n 3] | Aug 10/16/17 | 1982 | Near Clearwater, British Columbia | 6 |
0 |
FMA | Sentenced to 25 years to life | [74] | |
| Unknown | 7.13 July 13 |
1982 | Managua | 6 |
0 |
F | [75] | ||
| Unknown | 1995 | Mato Grosso | 6 |
0 |
M | [76] | |||
| Two unknown men | March | 1860 | S.S. Anna | 6 | 0 | Arrested | [77] | ||
| Valle, Essrado, 27 | Feb 20 | 1925 | Guaymas | 6 | 0 | M | [78] | ||
| Valenzuela Torres, Jorge del Carmen, 22[n 3] | 08.20 Aug 20 |
1960 | San Carlos | 6 |
0 |
M | Sentenced to death and executed Suspect in 1 other murder |
||
| Pino, Fabio Jesús, 25[n 2] | 06.28 June 28 | 1962 | Mariquita | 6 | 0 | F | Died by suicide | [79] | |
| Unknown | 02.00 Feb. | 1994 | Barragem | 6 | 0 | FM | Unsolved | [80] | |
| Ferreira Costa, William Roberto, 27 | 12.21 Dec 21 | 2016 | Jaboticabal | 6 | 0 | F | Sentenced to 61 years and 3 months in prison | [81] | |
| Bauer, John, 51[n 1] | Sep 18–20 | 2001 | Kirkland, Quebec and Notre-Dame-de-Grâce | 6 |
0 |
F A | Fatally shot himself | [82] | |
| Unknown[n 1] | Dec 7 | 1962 | Buenos Aires | 6 | ? | F | [83] | ||
| Cearense, Augusto | May 4 | 1914 | Minas Gerais | 5–6 | ? | F | Killed by police | [84] | |
| Martins, Pedro | Jan 31 | 1957 | Vira Saia | 5 | 15 | M | Killed | [85] | |
| Rivera, Nicolas Sanchez | Dec 24–25 | 1944 | Manzanillo | 5 | 10 | F | Killed by soldiers | [86] | |
| Romero Naupay, Eduardo Glicerio, 32 | 02.17 Feb 17 | 2017 | Lima | 5 | 9 | F | Killed by police | [87] | |
| Fontaine, Dakota Randan, 17[n 1] | Jan 22 | 2016 | La Loche | 5 |
6 |
F | Sentenced to life in prison | [88] | |
| Hope, Seon, 35[n 1] | Feb 23 | 1933 | Haggatts | 5 | 5 | MA | Sentenced to death and executed Also killed a pig and donkey | [89] | |
| Castillo, Araya Douglas, 32 | Jan 2–3 | 2005 | Paquera | 5 |
1 |
F | Committed suicide | [90] | |
| Villi, Francesco, 73 | Dec 18 | 2022 | Vaughan | 5 |
1 |
F | Fatally shot by police officers | [91] | |
| Unknown | July 19 | 2023 | Kingstown | 5 |
? |
F | Possibly escaped | [92] | |
| Young, Thomas, 26[n 1] | Dec 25 | 1958 | Ear Falls | 5 |
0 |
F M | Sentenced to death and executed | [93] | |
| Unknown | Oct 10 | 1977 | San Juan | 5 |
0 |
M | Arrested | [94] | |
| Pissardo, Gustavo, 22[n 3] | Sep 29 | 1994 | Sao Jose dos Campos | 5 |
0 |
F | Sentenced to 63 years and 4 months imprisonment | [95] | |
| De Giusti, Walter Alfredo, 24 | Oct 31–Nov 7 | 1987 | Rosario | 5 |
0 |
M |
Sentenced to life imprisonment | ||
| de Grood, Matthew, 22 | April 15 | 2014 | Calgary | 5 |
0 |
M | Not criminally responsible by reason of mental illness | [96] | |
| Alves da Silva, Manuel, 30 | Aug 25 | 1973 | Sapucaia, Rio de Janeiro | 4 | 38 | MV | [97] | ||
| Peterkin, Eric, 38 | 05.14 May 14 | 1977 | Daniel Town | 4 | 13 | F | Killed by police | [98] | |
| Rodrigues Castiglioni, Gabriel, 16 | Nov 25 | 2022 | Aracruz | 4 |
11 |
FM |
Sentenced to 3 years' compulsory detention | ||
| Amigo Vergara, Alejandro, 33 | April 8 | 1974 | Talca | 4 | 7 | M | Killed by police | [99] | |
| do Nascimento, Benedito Maximo, 39–40[n 1] | Sep 4 | 1955 | Rio Formoso | 4 | 5–8 | MA | Arrested | [100] | |
| Heredia, Félix Yerle Aneury, 22 | Jan 19 | 2015 | San Cristóbal | 4 |
3 |
F | Committed suicide | [101] | |
| Lebrun, Pierre, 40 | April 6 | 1999 | Ottawa | 4 |
2 |
F | Fatally shot himself | [102] | |
| de la Puente Flores, Abelardo Dorrego Silva, Claudio |
Oct 6 | 1923 | Punta Arenas | 4 |
2 |
M | De la Puente was sentenced to death and executed. Dorrego was killed by a prison guard during an attempted murder of de la Puente while imprisoned. |
[103] | |
| Hernández Fernández, Félix Ramón, 58 | July 8 | 2021 | Arroyo Naranjo | 4 |
2 |
MA | Committed suicide | [104] | |
| Fabrikant, Valery | Aug 24 | 1992 | Montreal | 4 |
1 |
F | Sentenced to life in prison | [105] | |
| Chávez Chávez, Ubeimar, Danilo | March 9 | 2022 | Montúfar Canton | 4 |
1 |
FM | [106] | ||
| Raymond, Vincent Matthew, 48 | Aug 10 | 2018 | Fredericton, New Brunswick | 4 |
0 |
F | Held at the Restigouche Hospital Centre | [107] | |
| Ibáñez Romero, Jaime Patricio, 53 | Aug 31 | 2011 | Quinta de Tilcoco | 4 |
0 |
F | Arrested. Died by suicide in 2014 while awaiting trial. | [108] | |
| Roszko, James, 46 | March 3 | 2005 | Mayerthorpe | 4 |
0 |
F | Fatally shot himself | ||
| Milla Rojas, Adán del Rosario, 34[n 3] | Jan 28 | 2005 | Punitaqui | 4 |
0 |
FM | Sentenced to life imprisonment | [109] | |
| Martínez, Chen Mario José, 52 | Feb 29 | 2020 | Mexico City | 4 |
0 |
F | Committed suicide | ||
| Salvo Zúñiga, Juan Domingo, 44 | Nov 25 | 1990 | Paiguano | 4 |
0 |
M | Sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment Also killed a person and injured another in 1975 |
[110] | |
| Pessoto, Duilio, 56 | March 1 | 2001 | Jundiaí, São Paulo | 4 |
0 |
F | Fatally shot himself | [111] | |
| Booher, Vernon,[n 1] 20 | July 9 | 1928 | Alberta | 4 |
0 |
F | Executed | [112] | |
| Riffo Sandoval, María Jesús, 48 | Oct 8 | 1975 | Angol | 3 |
40 |
P | Sentenced to 20 years in prison | [113] | |
| de Gouveia, João (es), 37 | Dec 6 | 2002 | Caracas | 3 | 29 | F | Sentenced to 29 years and 11 months in prison | [114] | |
| Lortie, Denis[n 2] | May 8 | 1984 | Quebec City | 3 |
13 |
FM | Sentenced to life in prison Released from prison in 1996 |
||
| Rosa da Conceição, Pedro | April 22 | 1904 | Rio das Pedras, Rio de Janeiro | 3 | 13 | M | Arrested Allegedly killed a family of twelve people Killed two people in 1911 | ||
| Pereira Maurício, Lourenço, 36 | Nov 6 | 1978 | Afogados | 3 | 11 | M | Arrested | [115] | |
| Solich, Rafael, 15 | Sep 28 | 2004 | Carmen de Patagones | 3 |
5 |
F | Declared too young to face charges | ||
| Muñoz Vega, Carlos Alfredo, 33 (accused) | Dec 23 | 2024 | Santiago | 3 |
3 |
FM | Arrested | [116] | |
| Bourque, Justin, 24 | June 4–6 | 2014 | Moncton | 3 |
2 |
F | Sentenced to life in prison | [117] | |
| Yoshino, Marcelo, 22 | Dec 18 | 1996 | São Paulo | 3 |
2 |
F | Died by suicide | [118] | |
| Rodríguez Pincheira, Julio Rodríguez Pincheira, Serafín |
Feb 28 | 1906 | Gorbea | 3 |
1 |
M |
Julio declared too young to face charges, Serafín sentenced to death and executed |
[119] | |
| Campos Beroíza, Florinia Yolanda, 19 | Nov 17 | 1978 | Los Ángeles | 3 |
1 |
M |
Sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment | [120] | |
| Venegas Colipi, Mario Alberto[n 3] | 1996 | Purén | 3 |
1 |
F | Sentenced to life in prison | [121] | ||
| Jensen, Derek, 21 | Dec 15 | 2011 | Claresholm | 3 |
1 |
F | Died by suicide | [122] | |
| Santángelo, Ariel, 43[n 1] | March 1 | 2017 | Banfield | 3 |
1 |
F | Died by suicide | [123] | |
| Molina, Curtis, 45 | Dec 14 | 2024 | Monkey River | 3 |
1 |
F | Arrested | [124] | |
| Wood, Derek, 18
Muise, Darren, 18 MacNeil, Daniel, 23 |
May 7 | 1992 | Sydney River, Nova Scotia | 3 |
1 |
F M | All sentenced to life imprisonment | ||
| Galaviz, Gabriel Alejandro, 20 | March 6 | 2024 | Guadalajara | 3 |
1 |
M | Later died by suicide while awaiting trial | [125] | |
| Arancibia Navarro, Iván Jesus, 47[n 1] | Dec 17 | 1999 | Valparaíso | 3 |
0 |
F | Also attempted suicide. Found not guilty by reason of insanity. |
[126] | |
| Unknown | Nov 1 | 2022 | Providenciales | 3 |
0 |
F | [127] | ||
| Uribe Obando, Francisco, 30 (accused)[n 1] | March 25 | 2024 | Río Bueno | 3 |
0 |
M | Arrested Also terminated a pregnancy. |
[128] | |
| Ugalde Parraguez, Jorge Iván, 59 (accused) | Oct 18 | 2025 | Santiago | 3 |
0 |
M |
Awaiting trial | [129] |
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Abbreviations and footnotes
- At least one of the victims was a relative of the assailant.
- Assailant was a member of the military, police, or a comparable force at the time of the rampage.
- All the victims were members of the same family.
- All the victims were killed in the same household.
W – A basic description of the weapons used in the murders
- F – Firearms and other ranged weapons, especially rifles and handguns, but also bows and crossbows, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, or slingshots
- M – Melee weapons, like knives, swords, spears, machetes, axes, clubs, rods, stones, or bare hands
- O – Any other weapons, such as bombs, hand grenades, Molotov cocktails, poison and poisonous gas, as well as vehicle and arson attacks
- A – indicates that an arson attack was the only other weapon used
- V – indicates that a vehicle was the only other weapon used
- E – indicates that explosives of any sort were the only other weapon used
- P – indicates that an anaesthetising or deadly substance of any kind was the only other weapon used (includes poisonous gas)
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References
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