List of sequenced plastomes

A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study.^[1]

The 156 kb plastome gene map of Nicotiana tabacum.

The 154 kb plastid genome map of a model flowering plant (Arabidopsis thaliana: Brassicaceae).

The highly reduced, 27 kb plastome map of the parasitic Hydnora visseri.

The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.

A compilation of most complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository.^[2]

Plants

Bryophytes s.l.

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Notes
Aneura mirabilis		108,007		[3][4]	parasitic liverwort; plastome contains many pseudogenes
Anthoceros formosae		161,162	122	[5]	hornwort; extensive RNA editing of plastome
Marchantia polymorpha		121,024		[6]	liverwort
Nothoceros aenigmaticus		153,208	124	[7]	hornwort
Pellia endiviifolia		120,546	123	[8]	liverwort
Physcomitrella patens		122,890	118	[9]	moss
Ptilidium pulcherrimum		119,007	122	[10]	liverwort
Tortula ruralis		122,630		[11]	moss

Ferns and Lycophytes

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Family	Notes
Adiantum capillus-veneris		150,568		[12]	Pteridaceae
Alsophila spinulosa		156,661	117	[13]	Cyatheaceae
Angiopteris evecta		153,901		[14]	Marattiaceae
Equisetum arvense		133,309			Equisetaceae
Huperzia lucidula		154,373		[15]	Lycopodiaceae
Isoetes flaccida		145,303			Isoetaceae
Psilotum nudum		138,829	117	[16]	Psilotaceae
Selaginella uncinata		138,829		[17]	Selaginellaceae

Sequenced fern and lycophyte plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Family	Notes
Equisetum hyemale					Equisetaceae
Lygodium japonicum					Lygodiaceae
Marsilea crenata					Marsileaceae
Ophioglossum californicum					Ophioglossaceae
Selaginella moellendorffii					Selaginellaceae

Gymnosperms

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Family	Notes
Cryptomeria japonica		131,810	114	[18]	Cupressaceae
Cycas micronesica				[19]	Cycadaceae
Cycas taitungensis		163,403	133	[20]	Cycadaceae
Ephedra equisetina					Ephedraceae
Ginkgo biloba		156,945	134	[21]	Ginkgoaceae
Gnetum parvifolium					Gnetaceae
Picea engelmannii	Se404-851	123,542	114	[22]	Pinaceae
Picea glauca	PG29	123,266	114	[23]	Pinaceae
Picea glauca	WS77111	123,421	114	[24]	Pinaceae
Picea sitchensis	Q903	124,049	114	[25]	Pinaceae
Pinus koraiensis		116,866			Pinaceae
Pinus thunbergii		119,707		[26]	Pinaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllus					Podocarpaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis		119,726	101	[27]	Welwitschiaceae

Flowering plants

This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.

Sequenced plastomes with complete genome size, number of unique genes, reference and publication year.

Species	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Year	Family	Notes
Acorus americanus	153,819		[19]	2007	Acoraceae
Agrostis stolonifera	135,584	110	[28]	2010	Poaceae
Alniphyllum eberhardtii	155,384	113	[29]	2017	Styracaceae
Alstroemeria aurea	155,510	112	[30]	2013	Alstroemeriaceae
Amborella trichopoda	162,686		[31]	2003	Amborellaceae
Anethum graveolens	153,356		[19]	2007	Apiaceae
Arabidopsis thaliana	154,478		[32]	1999	Brassicaceae
Atropa belladonna	156,687		[33]	2002	Solanaceae
Brachypodium distachyon	135,199	110	[28]	2010	Poaceae
Buxus microphylla	159,010	113	[34]	2007	Buxaceae
Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus	153,337	115	[35]	2003	Calycanthaceae
Carpinus tientaiensis	160,104	114	[36]	2017	Betulaceae
Chloranthus spicatus	157,772	113	[34]	2007	Chloranthaceae
Citrus sinensis var. 'Ridge Pineapple'	155,189		[37]	2006	Rutaceae
Cocos nucifera	154,731	130	[38]	2013	Arecaceae
Coffea arabica	155,189		[39]	2007	Rubiaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi	140,745		[40]	2009	Poaceae
Conopholis americana	45,673	42	[41]	2013	Orobanchaceae	Non-photosynthetic parasite
Cucumis sativus	155,293		[42]	2007	Cucurbitaceae
Cuscuta exaltata	125,373		[43]	2007	Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta gronovii	86,744	86	[44]	2007	Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa	121,521	98	[44]	2007	Convolvulaceae
Cypripedium formosanum	178,131		[45]	2015	Orchidaceae
Cytinus hypocistis	19,400	23	[46]	2016	Cytinaceae	Holoparasitic
Daucus carota	155,911		[47]	2006	Apiaceae
Dioscorea elephantipes	152,609	112	[34]	2007	Dioscoreaceae
Drimys granadensis	160,604	113	[48]	2006	Winteraceae
Epifagus virginiana	70,028	42	[49]	1992	Orobanchaceae
Epipogium aphyllum	30,650	27	[50]	2015	Orchidaceae	Mycoheterotrophic
Epipogium roseum	19,047	29	[50]	2015	Orchidaceae	Mycoheterotrophic
Erodium carvifolium	116,935	107	[51]	2016	Geraniaceae
Erodium chrysanthum	168,946	96	[51]	2016	Geraniaceae
Erodium texanum	130,812	106	[52]	2011	Geraniaceae
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus	160,286		[53]	2005	Myrtaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale	159,599		[54]	2008	Polygonaceae
Geranium palmatum	155,794	105	[52]	2011	Geraniaceae
Glycine max	152,218		[55]	2005	Fabaceae
Gossypium barbadense	160,317	114	[56]	2006	Malvaceae
Gossypium hirsutum	160,301		[57]	2006	Malvaceae
Helianthus annuus	151,104		[58]	2007	Asteraceae
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare	136,482	110	[28]	2010	Poaceae
Hydnora visseri	27,233	24	[59]	2016	Aristolochiaceae	Non-photosynthetic holoparasite
Illicium oligandrum	148,552	113	[34]	2007	Schisandraceae (sensu APG III)
Ipomoea purpurea	162,046		[43]	2007	Convolvulaceae
Jasminum nudiflorum	165,121		[60]	2007	Oleaceae
Juglans regia	160,367	129	[61]	2017	Juglandaceae
Lactuca sativa	152,765		[58]	2007	Asteraceae
Lemna minor	165,955		[62]	2008	Araliaceae
Licania alba	162,467	112	[63]	2014	Chrysobalanaceae
Lilium longiflorum	152,793	114	[30]	2013	Liliaceae
Liriodendron tulipifera	159,866		[48][64]	2006	Magnoliaceae
Lolium perenne	135,282	110	[28]	2010	Poaceae
Lonicera japonica	155,078		[1]	2010	Caprifoliaceae
Lotus japonicus	150,519		[65]	2000	Fabaceae
Manihot esculenta	161,453		[66]	2008	Euphorbiaceae
Monotropa hypopitys	35,336	45	[67]	2016	Ericaceae	Mycoheterotrophic
Monsonia speciosa	128,787	106	[52]	2011	Geraniaceae
Morus indica	156,599		[68]	2006	Moraceae
Musa balbisiana	169,503	113	[69]	2016	Musaceae
Nandina domestica	156,599		[70]	2006	Berberidaceae
Neottia nidus-avis	92,060	56	[71]	2011	Orchidaceae	Mycoheterotrophic
Nelumbo nucifera	163,330		[1]	2010	Nelumbonaceae
Nicotiana tabacum	155,943	113	[72]	1986	Solanaceae
Nuphar advena	160,866	117	[73]	2007	Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea alba	159,930		[74]	2004	Nymphaeaceae
Oenothera argillicola strain Douthat 1	165,055	113	[75]	2008	Onagraceae
Oenothera biennis strain suaveolens Grado	164,807	113	[75]	2008	Onagraceae
Oenothera elata subsp. hookeri strain johansen Standard	165,728	113	[75]	2008	Onagraceae
Oenothera glazioviana strain r/r-lamarckiana Sweden	165,225	113	[75]	2008	Onagraceae
Oenothera parviflora strain atrovirens Standard	163,365	113	[75]	2008	Onagraceae
Oryza sativa indica 93-11	134,496		[76]	2005	Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica Nipponbare	134,551	110	[77][28]	1989	Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica PA64S	134,551		[76]	2005	Poaceae
Osyris alba	147,253	101	[78]	2015	Santalaceae	Hemiparasitic
Panax ginseng	156,318		[79]	2004	Araliaceae
Pelargonium × hortorum	217,942		[80]	2006	Geraniaceae
Petrosavia stellaris	103,835	58	[81]	2014	Petrosaviaceae	Mycoheterotrophic
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana	148,964		[82]	2006	Orchidaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris 'Negro Jamapa'	150,285		[83]	2007	Fabaceae
Pilostyles aethiopica	11,348	5	[84]	2016	Apodanthaceae	Endo-holoparasite
Pilostyles hamiltonii	15,167	5	[84]	2016	Apodanthaceae	Endo-holoparasite
Piper cenocladum	160,624	113	[48]	2006	Piperaceae
Platanus occidentalis	161,791		[70]	2006	Platanaceae
Populus alba	156,505		[85]	2006	Salicaceae
Ranunculus macranthus	155,158	117	[73]	2007	Ranunculaceae
Rhizanthella gardneri	59,190	33	[86]	2011	Orchidaceae	Subterranean mycoheterotroph
Saccharum officinarum	141,182	110	[28]	2010	Poaceae
Sciaphila densiflora	21,485	28	[87]	2015	Triuridaceae	Mycoheterotrophic
Solanum tuberosum	155,298		[88]	2006	Solanaceae
Sorghum bicolor	140,754	110	[28]	2010	Poaceae
Spinacia oleracea	150,725		[89]	2001	Amaranthaceae
Trachelium caeruleum	162,321		[90]	2008	Campanulaceae
Trifolium subterraneum	144,763	111	[91]	2008	Fabaceae
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring	134,545	110	[92][93][28]	2000	Poaceae
Typha latifolia	165,572	113	[28]	2010	Typhaceae
Vaccinium macrocarpon	176,045	147	[94]	2013	Ericaceae
Viscum album	128,921	96	[78]	2015	Viscaceae	Hemiparasitic
Viscum minimum	131,016	99	[78]	2015	Viscaceae	Hemiparasitic
Vitis vinifera	160,928		[95]	2006	Vitaceae
Yucca schidigera	156,158		[21]	2005	Asparagaceae (sensu APG III)
Zea mays	140,384	110	[96][28]	2010	Poaceae

Sequenced plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.

Species	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Year	Family	Notes
Acorus calamus	153,821				Acoraceae
Aethionema cordifolium					Brassicaceae
Aethionema grandiflorum					Brassicaceae
Antirrhinum majus			[1]	2010	Plantaginaceae
Arabis hirsuta					Brassicaceae
Aucuba japonica			[1]	2010	Garryaceae
Bambusa oldhamii	139,350				Poaceae
Barbarea verna					Brassicaceae
Berberidopsis corallina			[1]	2010	Berberidopsidaceae
Brassica rapa					Brassicaceae
Bulnesia arborea			[1]	2010	Zygophyllaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris					Brassicaceae
Carica papaya					Caricaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum			[97]	2007	Ceratophyllaceae
Cornus florida			[1]	2010	Cornaceae
Crucihimalya wallichii					Brassicaceae
Cuscuta obtusiflora					Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa					Convolvulaceae
Dendrocalamus latiflorus	139,365				Poaceae
Dillenia indica			[1]	2010	Dilleniaceae
Draba nemorosa					Brassicaceae
Ehretia acuminata			[1]	2010	Boraginaceae
Elaeis oleifera			[19]	2007	Arecaceae
Euonymus americanus			[1]	2010	Celastraceae
Festuca arundinacea					Poaceae
Ficus sp.			[1]	2010	Moraceae
Guizotia abyssinica					Asteraceae
Gunnera manicata			[1]	2010	Gunneraceae
Hedyosmum			unpublished		Chloranthaceae
Heuchera sanguinea			[1]	2010	Saxifragaceae
Ilex cornuta			[1]	2010	Aquifoliaceae
Lepidium virginicum					Brassicaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua (syn. Altingia styraciflua)			[1]	2010	Altingiaceae
Lobularia maritima					Brassicaceae
Lotus corniculatus					Fabaceae
Medicago truncatulata	124,033				Fabaceae
Megaleranthis saniculifolia	159,924				Ranunculaceae
Meliosma cuneifolia			[1]	2010	Sabiaceae
Nasturtium officinale					Brassicaceae
Olimarabidopsis pumila					Brassicaceae
Phoenix dactylifera					Arecaceae
Nerium oleander	154,903				Apocynaceae
Nicotiana sylvestris	155,941				Solanaceae
Nicotiana tomentosiformis	155,745				Solanaceae
Oryza nivara	134,494				Poaceae
Oxalis latifolia			[1]	2010	Oxalidaceae
Passiflora biflora			[19]	2007	Passifloraceae
Phoradendron leucarpum			[1]	2010	Viscaceae
Plumbago auriculata			[1]	2010	Plumbaginaceae
Populus trichocarpa			[98]	2006	Salicaceae
Quercus nigra			[1]	2010	Fagaceae
Rhododendron simsii			[1]	2010	Ericaceae
Scaevola aemula			[19]	2007	Goodeniaceae
Solanum bulbocastanum	155,371				Solanaceae
Solanum lycopersicum	155,460				Solanaceae
Staphylea colchica			[1]	2010	Staphyleaceae
Trithuria (syn. Hydatella)			unpublished		Hydatellaceae
Trochodendron aralioides			[1]	2010	Trochodendraceae
Ximenia americana				2010	Ximeniaceae[99]

Green algae

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference
Bryopsis plumosa		106,859	115	[100]
Chaetosphaeridium globosum		131,183	124	[101]
Chara vulgaris
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii		203,395	99
Chlorella vulgaris		150,613	209	[102]
Chlorokybus atmophyticus		201,763	70	[103]
Dunaliella salina	CCAP 19/18	269,044	102	[104]
Emiliania huxleyi		105,309	150
Helicosporidium		37,454	54	[105]
Leptosira terrestris		195,081	117	[106]
Mesostigma viride		42,424
Monomastix		114,528	94	[107]
Nephroselmis olivacea		200,799	127	[108]
Oedogonium cardiacum		196,547	103	[109]
Oltmannsiellopsis viridis		151,933	105	[110]
Ostreococcus tauri		71,666	86	[111]
Pseudendoclonium akinetum		195,867	105	[112]
Pycnococcus provasolii		80,211	98	[107]
Pyramimonas parkeae		101,605	110	[107]
Scenedesmus obliquus		161,452	96	[113]
Staurastrum punctulatum				[114]
Stigeoclonium helveticum		223,902	97	[115]
Tydemania expeditionis		105,200	125	[100]
Ulva sp.	UNA00071828	99,983	102	[116]
Volvox carteri		420,650	91	[117]
Zygnema circumcarinatum

Red algae

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Year	Taxon	Notes
Ahnfeltia plicata		190,451	205 (coding)	[118]	2016	Ahnfeltiales
Apophlaea sinclairii		182,437	189 (coding)	[118]	2016	Hildenbrandiales
Asparagopsis taxiformis		177,091	203 (coding)	[118]	2016
Bangiopsis subsimplex		204,784	194 (coding)	[118]	2016
Calliarthron tuberculosum		178,981	238	[119]	2013
Ceramium japonicum		171,634	199 (coding)	[118]	2016
Chondrus crispus		180,086	240	[119]	2013	Gigartinales
Cyanidioschyzon merolae	10D	149,987	243	[120]	2003
Cyanidium caldarium	RK1	164,921	230	[121]	2000
Erythrotrichia carnea		210,691	191 (coding)	[118]	2016
Galdieria sulphuraria	074W	167,741	233	[122]	2015
Gelidium elegans		174,748	234	[123]	2016
Gelidium sinicola	UC276620	177,095	232	[124]	2019		May be synonymous with G. coulteri
Gelidium vagum		179,853	234	[123]	2016
Gracilaria changii		183,855	231	[125]	2018	Gracilariales
Gracilaria chorda		182,459	201 (coding)	[118]	2016	Gracilariales
Gracilaria salicornia		179,757	235	[126]	2014	Gracilariales
Gracilaria tenuistipitata	var. liui	183,883	238	[127]	2004	Gracilariales
Gracilaria vermiculophylla		180,254	239		unpublished	Gracilariales
Grateloupia filicina		195,990	265		unpublished
Grateloupia taiwanensis		191,270	266	[128]	2013
Hildenbrandia rivularis		189,725	184 (coding)	[118]	2016
Hildenbrandia rubra		180,141	190 (coding)	[118]	2016
Kumanoa americana		184,025	234	[129]	2018
Palmaria palmata		192,960	245	[129]	2018
Plocamium cartilagineum		171,392	197 (coding)	[118]	2016
Porphyra pulchra		194,175	251	[123]	2016	Bangiales
Porphyra purpurea		191,028	253	[130]	1993	Bangiales
Porphyra umbilicalis		190,173	250	[131]	2017	Bangiales
Porphyridium purpureum	NIES 2140	217,694	260	[132]	2014
Porphyridium sordidum		259,429	227	[118]	2016
Pyropia fucicola		187,282		[133]	2015		Partial genome
Pyropia haitanensis	PH 38	195,597	254	[134]	2013
Pyropia kanakaensis		189,931		[133]	2015		Partial genome
Pyropia perforata		189,789	247	[133]	2015
Pyropia yezoensis		191,952	264	[134]	2013
Rhodochaete parvula		221,665	195 (coding)	[118]	2016
Rhodymenia pseudopalmata		194,153	201 (coding)	[118]	2016
Riquetophycus sp.		180,384	202 (coding)	[118]	2016
Schimmelmannia schousboei		181,030	202 (coding)	[118]	2016
Schizymenia dubyi		183,959	204 (coding)	[118]	2016
Sebdenia flabellata		192,140	205 (coding)	[118]	2016
Sporolithon durum		191,464	239	[123]	2016
Thorea hispida		175,193	228	[129]	2018
Vertebrata lanosa		167,158	192	[135]	2015		Also assigned to genus Polysiphonia

Glaucophytes

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference
Cyanophora paradoxa				[136]

Meta-algae and apicomplexans

Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.

Photosynthetic chromalveolates

Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference	Notes
Chromera velia
Chroomonas mesostigmatica	CCMP1168	139,403	189	[137]
Chroomonas placoidea	CCAP978/8	139,432	186	[137]	Contains 3 annotated pseudogenes
Cryptomonas curvata	CNUKR	128,285	182	[137]
Cryptomonas paramecium	CCAP977/2a	77,717	115	[138]
Emiliania huxleyi	CCMP 373	105,309	154	[139]
Guillardia theta		121,524	167	[140]
Heterosigma akashiwo	NIES 293	159,370	198	[141]
Odontella sinensis		119,704	175	[142]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum		117,369	170	[143]
Rhodomonas salina	CCMP1319	135,854	183	[144]
Storeatula sp.	CCMP1868	140,953	187	[137]
Teleaulax amphioxeia	HACCP-CR01	129,772	179	[145]
Thalassiosira pseudonana		128,814	180	[143]

Chlorarachniophytes

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference
Bigelowiella natans		69,166	98	[146]
Gymnochlora stellata	CCMP2053	67,451	97	[147]
Lotharella oceanica	CCMP622	70,997	94	[148]
Lotharella vacuolata	CCMP240	71,557	95	[147]
Partenskyella glossopodia	RCC365	72,620	99	[147]

Euglenophytes

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference
Astasia longa		73.2kb	84
Euglena gracilis		143.2kb	128	[149]

Apicomplexans

Sequenced Plastomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference
Chromera velia
Eimeria tenella	Penn State	34.8kb	65	[150]
Plasmodium falciparum		34.7kb	68
Theileria parva	Mugaga	39.6kb	71
Toxoplasma gondii	RH	35.0kb	65

Nucleomorph genomes

In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga (chlorophyte) or red alga (rhodophyte). In some such cases not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome it is termed a nucleomorph.

Sequenced Nucleomorph Genomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference
Amorphochlora amoebiformis		373,958	340	[151]
Bigelowiella natans	CCMP 621	442,036	426 (344 protein coding)	[152][153]
Chroomonas mesostigmatica	CCMP1168	702,852	581 (505 protein coding)	[154]
Cryptomonas paramecium		487,066	519 (466 protein coding)	[155]
Guillardia theta		672,788	743 (632 protein coding)	[156]
Hemiselmis andersenii		571,872	525 (471 protein coding)	[157]
Lotharella oceanica		612,592	654 (608 protein coding)	[158]
Lotharella vacuolata		431,876	359	[151]

Cyanelle genomes

The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle (the cyanelle) which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. (Note: the term cyanelle is also applied to the plastids of glaucophytes.)

Sequenced Cyanelle Genomes

Species	Variety	Size (bp)	Genes	Reference
Paulinella chromatophora		1.02Mb	867	[159]

See also

• List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
• List of sequenced bacterial genomes
• List of sequenced archaeal genomes
• Genome skimming