Kagwahiva language

Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil. The major variety is Tenharim.

Kawahíva
Tupi–Guarani subgroup VI
Kawahib
Native to	Brazil
Region	Mato Grosso and Rondônia
Ethnicity	(see varieties below)
Native speakers	(870 cited 2000–2006)[1]
Language family	Tupian Tupí–Guaraní Kawahib Kawahíva
Dialects	Northern Southern
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: pah – Tenharim–Parintintín urz – Uru-eu-wau-wau kuq – Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo) jua – Júma xmo – Morerebi tkf – ? Tukumanféd (unattested) wir – Wiraféd paf – Paranawát adw – Amondawa api – Apiacá
Glottolog	tupi1280

The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna (not to be confused with neither the Panoan group, nor the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which all have the same name), Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation, Jupaú), Júma, Piripkúra, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká,^[2] spoken in Mato Grosso.

Varieties

There are different internal classifications of the pan-Kawahíwa, which differ in, e.g., whether Kayabí and Apiaká should be included as part of the dialectal cluster. The one listed in Aguilar (2013, 2018) follows:^[3][4]

• Kawahíwa
  • Northern
    • Parintintin [pt]
    • Tenharim [pt]
    • Diahói [pt]
    • Juma
  • Southern
    • Jupaú (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau)
    • Amondawa [pt]
    • Karipuna [pt]
    • Apiaká
    • Kayabí (Kawaiwete)
    • Piripkura [pt]
    • isolated groups

Languages spoken in north-central Rondônia are Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (Jupaú), Amondawa, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups. Languages spoken in northeastern Mato Grosso and southern Pará are Apiaká, Kayabí, Piripkúra, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups.

Phonology

Tenharim dialect

Phonemic inventory of the Tenharim/Uruewawau dialect:^[5]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low		a ã

• /a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃] in unstressed syllables.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
				plain	labial
Nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop/Affricate	p	t	t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
Fricative	β					h
Rhotic		ɾ

• /ɲ/ can be heard as [j] when in unstressed positions.
• /β/ can also be heard as [w] in the Uruewawau dialect.

Júma dialect

Phonemic inventory of the Júma dialect:^[6]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Mid	ɛ ɛ̃		ɔ ɔ̃
Low		a ã

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Stop	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
	voiced				ɡ
Fricative						h
Approximant				j	w
Rhotic			ɾ