Kagwahiva language

Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil.

Kawahíva
Tupi–Guarani subgroup VI
Kawahib
Native to	Brazil
Region	Mato Grosso and Rondônia
Ethnicity	(see varieties below)
Native speakers	560 (2024)[1]
Language family	Tupian Tupí–Guaraní Kawahib Kawahíva
Dialects	Tenharim Diahoi Parintintin Juma Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau Amondawa Karipuna Piripkura ?Tukumanfed † (unattested) Paranawat † Morerebi (unattested) Capivarí † ?Apiaka–Wirafed (†) (may be distinct) Ipotewát † Takwatíp † ?Jabotiféd † (unattested) ?Mialat † (unattested)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: pah – Tenharim–Parintintín urz – Uru-eu-wau-wau kuq – Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo) jua – Júma xmo – Morerebi tkf – ? Tukumanféd (unattested) paf – Paranawát adw – Amondawa
Glottolog	kawa1296

The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna,^[a] Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation Jupaú), Piripkúra, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages or dialects now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká,^[2] spoken in Mato Grosso.

Varieties

There are different internal classifications of the pan-Kawahíwa, which differ in, e.g., whether Kayabí and Apiaká should be included as part of the dialectal cluster. The one listed in Aguilar (2013, 2018) follows:^[3][4]

• Kawahíwa
  • Northern
    • Parintintin [pt]
    • Tenharim [pt]
    • Diahói [pt]
    • Juma
  • Southern
    • Jupaú (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau)
    • Amondawa
    • Karipuna [pt]
    • Apiaká
    • Kayabí (Kawaiwete)
    • Piripkura [pt]
    • isolated groups^{[clarification needed]}

Languages spoken in north-central Rondônia are Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (Jupaú), Amondawa, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups. Languages spoken in northeastern Mato Grosso and southern Pará are Apiaká, Kayabí, Piripkúra, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups.

Phonology

Phonemic inventory of the Tenharim dialect:^[5]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low		a ã

• /a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃] in unstressed syllables.

Consonants

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
				plain	labial
Nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop/Affricate	p	t	t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
Fricative	β					h
Rhotic		ɾ

• /ɲ/ can be heard as [j] when in unstressed positions.
• /β/ can also be heard as [w].

Notes

1. not to be confused with either the Panoan group or the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which have the same name.