Police state

Early forms of police states can be found in ancient China. During the rule of King Li of Zhou in the 9th century BC, there was strict censorship, extensive state surveillance, and frequent executions of those who were perceived to be speaking against the regime. During this reign of terror, ordinary people did not dare to speak to each other on the street, and only made eye contacts with friends as a greeting, hence known as '道路以目'. During the 4th century BC, the state of Qin introduced a registration system for its population, which initially collated the names of individuals, and later began keeping track of entire households.^[9] Adapting a concept originally used within the military to society at-large, Qin households were organised into 'groups of five' (五; wǔ), wherein the heads of each household were made mutually responsible for reporting any wrongdoing committed by other members of the group.^[10]

Some have characterised the rule of King Henry VIII during the Tudor period as a police state.^[11]^[12] The Oprichnina established by Tsar Ivan IV within the Russian Tsardom in 1565 functioned as a predecessor to the modern police state, featuring persecutions and autocratic rule.^[13]^[14]

Nazi Germany emerged from an originally democratic government, yet gradually exerted more and more repressive controls over its people in the lead-up to World War II. In addition to the SS and the Gestapo, the Nazi police state used the judiciary to assert control over the population from the 1930s until the end of the war in 1945.^[15]

During the period of apartheid, South Africa maintained police-state attributes such as banning people and organizations, arresting political prisoners, maintaining segregated living communities and restricting movement and access.^[16]

Augusto Pinochet's Chile operated as a police state,^[17] exhibiting "repression of public liberties, the elimination of political exchange, limiting freedom of speech, abolishing the right to strike, freezing wages".^[18]

The Republic of Cuba under President (and later right-wing dictator) Fulgencio Batista was an authoritarian police state until his overthrow during the Cuban Revolution in 1959 with the rise to power of Fidel Castro and foundation of a Marxist-Leninist republic.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

Following the failed July 1958 Haitian coup d'état attempt to overthrow the president, Haiti descended into an autocratic and despotic family dictatorship under the Haitian Vodou black nationalist François Duvalier (Papa Doc) and his National Unity Party. In 1959, Papa Doc ordered the creation of Tonton Macoutes, a paramilitary force unit whom he authorized to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition, including an unknown number of murders, public executions, rapes, disappearances of and attacks on dissidents; an unrestrained state terrorism. In the 1964 Haitian constitutional referendum, he declared himself the president for life through a sham election. After Duvalier's death in 1971, his son Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) succeeded him as the next president for life, continuing the regime until the popular uprising that had him overthrown in February 1986.^{[citation needed]}

Ba'athist Syria under the dictatorship of Bashar al-Assad was described^{[by whom?]} as the most "ruthless police state" in the Arab world; with a tight system of restrictions on the movement of civilians, independent journalists and other unauthorized individuals. Alongside North Korea and Eritrea, it operated one of the strictest censorship machines that regulated the transfer of information. The Syrian security apparatus was established in the 1970s by Hafez al-Assad, who ran a military dictatorship with the Ba'ath party as its civilian cover to enforce the loyalty of Syrian populations to the Assad family. The dreaded Mukhabarat was given free hand to terrorise, torture or murder non-compliant civilians, while public activities of any organized opposition was curbed down with the raw firepower of the army. Bashar and his family were overthrown in December 2024 during the Syrian Revolution with the Fall of the Assad regime and the Fall of Damascus which had forced Bashar to leave Syria for Russia and its capital Moscow for a political asylum.^[23]^[24]

The region of modern-day Korea is claimed to have elements of a police state, from the Juche-style Silla kingdom,^[25] to the imposition of a fascist police state by the Japanese,^[25] to the totalitarian police state imposed and maintained by the Kim family.^[26] In 2006, Paris-based Reporters Without Borders ranked North Korea last or second last in their test of press freedom since the Press Freedom Index's introduction, stating that the ruling Kim family control all of the media.^[27]^[28]

In response to government proposals to enact new security measures to curb protests, the AKP-led government of Turkey has been accused of turning Turkey into a police state.^[29] Since the 2013 removal of the Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated former Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi from office, the government of Egypt has carried out extensive efforts to suppress certain forms of Islamism and religious extremism (including the aforementioned Muslim Brotherhood),^[30]^{[better source needed]} leading to accusations that it has effectively become a "revolutionary police state".^[31]^[32]

The USSR was a police state.^[33] Notable secret police forces in the former USSR were the Cheka, the NKVD, and the KGB. Tools of state control used by the Soviet Union include censorship, forced labour under the Gulag system of labour camps,^[34] and deportation and genocide of ethnic minorities such as in the Holodomor, NKVD Order No. 00485 against the Poles and De-Cossackization.^[35] Modern-day Russia^[36]^[37] and Belarus are often described as police states.^[38]^[39]

The dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos from the 1970s to early 1980s in the Philippines had many characteristics of a police state.^[40]^[41]

Hong Kong is perceived by some human rights organizations and press to have implemented the tools of a police state after passing the National Security legislation in 2020, following repeated attempts by People's Republic of China to erode the rule of law in the former British colony.^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46]

The United States has been described as a police state since the election of President Donald Trump in 2024, particularly due to the mass deportations of activists—including green card holders such as Mahmoud Khalil—and immigrants without due process or transparency, alongside unidentified ICE detentions.^[47] It should be noted a steady trend of police militarization begun in the United States as far back to the end of the 1980's. Several agencies begun to upgrade their personnel equipment and technology, as well as increased activity of federal agencies investigations. It marked the beginning of increased migratory and terrorist countermeasure implementations, the main migratory plan being Bill Clinton's Operation Gatekeeper which led to the increase in power and outreach both Customs and Border Patrol agents possessed and later on the US Patriot Act after the September 11 attacks which finally formally established Customs and Border Protection as the militarized customs-migration-police hybrid model it is today. It has been argued since that most civil liberties—especially those at the border, have been put in jeopardy. As of today, Customs and Border Protection and to an extent Immigration and Customs Enforcement tend to take advantage of the broad powers they have been granted by congress and it can be argued that most of their actions—especially at the border—not only go against the foundations of the Bill of Rights but also go as far as violating human rights such as extremely invasive inspections in the border, use of excessive force on port of entries, as well as unwarranted mistreatment of foreign nationals and citizens as well returning back to the United States.

Several analysts noted that Mexico underwent a shift toward a police state following the approval of a telecommunications law in 2025. The legislation required the creation of a user registry that includes real-time geolocation data, and the modification of the Unique Population Registry Code (CURP) to include biometric data. These data must be provided by government agencies and private companies that already possess them, and using the CURP would be required to access telephone, cable, and internet services, as well as to make online purchases and travel. Additionally, the government approved the elimination of checks and balances such as the National Institute of Transparency for Access to Information and Personal Data Protection and the Federal Telecommunications Institute. Also, the government was granted the authority to access citizens' phone calls and to censor media content it deems inappropriate or harmful to audiences. Further, although the National Guard was originally created to be under civilian command, its transfer to the military, under full control of the Secretariat of National Defense, was approved.^[48]

Fictional police states

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Fictional police states have featured in media ranging from novels to films to video games. George Orwell's novel 1984 describes Britain under the totalitarian Oceanian regime that continuously invokes (and helps to cause) a perpetual war. This perpetual war is used as a pretext for subjecting the people to mass surveillance and invasive police searches. This novel was described by The Encyclopedia of Police Science as "the definitive fictional treatment of a police state, which has also influenced contemporary usage of the term".^[49]

History of usage

Examples of states with related attributes

Fictional police states

See also

References

Works cited

External links

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