Ports of entry of China

In China, ports of entry (POE) (Chinese: 口岸; pinyin: kǒu'àn; lit. 'shore mouths') are the lawful points of entry and exit from the country for freight and passengers. These include seaports, inland ports, airports, railway stations, and border crossings.^[1] POEs are created by the State Council or by provincial governments. They are legally distinct from transportation facilities; for example, the Tianjin Water Transport Port of Entry (Chinese: 天津水运口岸) is distinct from Tianjin Port (Chinese: 天津港).

POE facilities perform customs and border control functions. They are generally located at transport terminals.^[2]: 1

Classes of ports

According to the "Regulations of the State Council on Port of Entry Openings", ports of entry are categorized as either Class I or Class II.^[1] The "China Port of Entry Yearbook" uses these categories when identifying inbound and outbound inspection stations for freight, personnel, and vehicles.^{[citation needed]}

Class I

Class I, or national-level, entry ports are established by national authorities. The State Council authorizes them after consultations with the province where the port is located and the People's Liberation Army (PLA).^[3]: 385 There are three types of Class I ports:^[1]

1. Sea, land, air, and passenger/cargo ports of entry that are open to foreign vessels, aircraft, vehicles, and other means of transportation. Most Class I ports belong to this category.
2. Sea, land, air, passenger, and cargo ports of entry that only allow Chinese-flagged ships, aircraft, and vehicles to enter or leave the country (e.g. Luoyang Air Transportation Port of Entry in Henan Province and Zhongshan Water Transportation Port in Guangdong Province, which only allow Chinese aircraft and ships to enter or leave the country).^{[4]: 834–835} As of 2016, there were no Class I land Ports of Entry with that limitation.
3. Sea delivery points in China's territorial waters where foreign vessels are allowed to enter and exit (e.g., the Bozhong [Bohai Oil] Water Transport Port of Entry in Tianjin, which is the offshore oil delivery point for CNOOC Bohai Corporation).^[4]: 67

The "13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of National Ports of Entry" specifies that certain passenger and cargo volume indicators three years after the opening of a Port of Entry will be used to determine the suitability of its status, and this status may be withdrawn.^[5]

PoE annual passenger and cargo targets

	Units	Sea	Inland River	Border River	Railway	Road	Coastal Airports	Other Airports
Cargo	1000 t	1000	200	50	100	50	30	30
Passengers	1000	-	-	10	100	50	100	50

Class II

Class II, or "local-level", entry ports are created by local governments with the consent of the PLA and the provincial government after consulting local border inspection and examination units. Construction is financed locally.^[3]: 386 There are three types of Class II ports:^[1]

1. Loading and unloading points, points of departure, and transshipment points for foreign trade transportation by national vessels that rely on other ports of entry for border inspection and examination procedures.
2. Ports for small-scale border trade and people-to-people exchanges agreed with the local governments of neighboring countries.
3. Entry-exit points that are restricted to border residents only.

In the period of reform and opening, the various provincial governments of China approved the establishment of 331 Type II ports. On August 28, 1998: 46, the State Council issued the "Circular on Cleaning up and Rectifying Class II Ports" (State Circular [1998] No. 74),^[6]: 46 which intended to clean-up and rectify this proliferation of Type II Ports of Entry. The circular suspended the approval of class II ports, and proceeded to review the existing ones for their suitability as Ports of Entry. A total of 177 class II ports were closed, 57 class II ports were upgraded to class I ports, and 97 class II ports were merged with neighboring class I ports.^[7] This consolidation process is still ongoing.

Government Bodies

The basic structure of a Port of Entry includes 1) an integrated management system, 2) a supervision and inspection system, 3) an external transportation and external trade system; and 4) a service system. Generally, the number of units and departments working at a port of entry can reach about 40.^[8]: 11

First, because of the different bureaucratic affiliations of the units at the port, it is necessary to have an integrated management organization to coordinate the relationship between the systems, which is usually a "port of entry management committee" (口岸管理委员会) or a "port of entry office" (口岸办公室) set up by the local government.^[3]: 387

Second, the supervision and inspection system entails the management, supervision, and inspection of people, baggage, cargo, and means of transportation entering and leaving the country, and includes three subsystems: inspection (检查), testing (检验), and quarantine (检疫). As of 2024, the relevant agencies include

1. The National Immigration Administration for migration inspection.
2. The General Administration of Customs is responsible for customs, excise, and duties; for contraband and prohibited goods interdiction; and for health, animal, and plant quarantine.^[a]
3. The China Maritime Safety Administration is responsible for ship inspection and ship health certification.
4. The China Civil Aviation Authority is responsible for airplane inspection.
5. The State Administration for Market Regulation for commodity inspection, quality testing, and food testing.
6. The Ministry of Agriculture for the fishing vessels registry (中华人民共和国渔业船舶检验局),^[10] and many other state organizations each with their own remits.^[3]: 387

Third, the external transportation system includes the actual transport institutions such as the management companies of the seaports, airports, railway stations, and other terminals and hubs; the shipping companies, airlines, transportation companies, logistics companies, and other enterprises involved in the transport of goods and people.

Finally, the service system includes banking, insurance, shipping agencies, supply, warehousing, seafarers' clubs, etc.^[8]: 11。

The China Association of Ports-of-Entry (中国口岸协会 CAOP)^[11] is a national comprehensive association with independent legal personality, approved by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and supervised by the General Administration of Customs (GAC). The leading members of the association are composed of relevant personnel from the GAC, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Transport, China Railway, Civil Aviation Administration of China, plus other central departments and important local port of entry authorities. It serves as an organization for the exchange of port of entry information, business training, international cooperation, and the provision of consulting services, and also edits the China Port of Entry Yearbook.^[12]

History

The Ming and Qing dynasties, guided by the idea of "naval defense over commerce", had a long history of closed-door policies, closing ports, removing population from coastal areas, and forcing foreign traders into specific, limited ports (the Canton factories). This changed abruptly after the Opium War in 1840, when China was forced to open five ports of entry to foreign commerce: (Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai).^[2]: 2 As Western powers forced the opening of China in a succession of wars and unequal treaties, the number of treaty ports opened to the outside world increased to 35 by 1895.^[13]: 68 The idea of "commercial war", counterattacking the West commercial dominance, was put forward by thinkers such as Zheng Guanying in the 1870s, and began to be practiced in 1898, with the emergence of "self-opened commercial ports"^[14]: 88 The earliest self-opened commercial port in China was the port of Sandu'ao in Ningde, Fujian, followed by Qinhuangdao and Yuezhou.^[15]: 158 By the end of the Qing dynasty, there were 36 self-opened merchant ports spread throughout China, increasing to 52 in 1924, a number almost equal to the number of treaty ports:^[14]: 88

The vagaries and hardships of the twentieth century meant that the number of open ports in China varied wildly as circumstances and governments changed. By 1978, there were only 51 ports of entry open to the outside world, including 18 water ports (17 on the coast and one on an inland waterway), eight air ports (seven international airports and one special airport), nine railroad ports, and 16 highway ports.^[3]: 388 Due to political reasons, most land ports were opened with socialist countries, and foreign trade was mainly in the form of barter and aid.^[8]: 12 In 1978, the volume of foreign trade goods entering and leaving the country through the Class I ports was 70.33 million tons, and the total value of import and export trade through the various types of ports was 20.64 billion US dollars, with 5,658,000 passengers entering and exiting the country, and a total of 325,000 ships, planes, trains, and cars.^[16]: 12

After the start of the reform and opening, and especially after Deng Xiaoping's southern tour, the Chinese government started opening a new wave of ports; between 1978 and 1993, 150 new national ports were opened, 50 new ports were opened in 1992 and 1993 alone. By 1993, there were 201 Class I ports in China, including 117 water transport ports (65 coastal and 52 inland waterway ports), 46 air transport ports, 12 railroad ports and 35 highway ports, and all the province-level entities in China, except for landlocked Qinghai and Ningxia, had open ports. In 1993, the volume of foreign trade cargo in and out of the Class I ports amounted to 305 million tons, and the total amount of import and export trade through all kinds of ports was 195.72 billion U.S. dollars, 95.68 million passengers entering and leaving the country, and 8.989 million ships, planes, trains, and cars.^[16]: 12

In 2006, the State Council approved the opening of Xining Caojiapu Airport in Qinghai province to international flights, which opened a port of entry into the last of the 31 provincial-level entities in China. The whole of China was now for the first time literally open to the world. By 2016, China had a total of 305 national-level ports of entry officially open to the public, including 137 water transport ports (82 coastal and 55 in inland waterways), 73 air transport ports, 20 railroad ports, and 75 highway ports. In 2016,^[b] the total value of imported and exported cargo at ports nationwide was US$3,685,557 million.^[4]: 770 The Covid-19 pandemic closed or restricted most of those ports, but on 8 January 2023, all mainland China ports that had been closed due to the pandemic were opened again.^[17][18][19]

List of national-level ports of entry

Highways

As of 2016, the People's Republic of China had a total of 75 Class I highway PoEs, including 9 international ports of entry open to Hong Kong and Macao, and 64 international or bilateral ports^[c] to land-adjacent countries, in addition to 1 temporarily open PoE.

In 2016 statistics, the road port with the highest volume of import and export freight was Xinjiang's Khorgos Port of Entry, with an annual cargo volume of 25,575,568 tons, followed by Inner Mongolia's Ganq Mod Port of Entry with a cargo volume of 15,535,196 tons, and Guangdong's Huanggang Port, with a volume of 13,522,881 tons. The port with the largest number of passenger arrivals and departures was Gongbei Port in Guangdong, with 123,576,659 arrivals and departures per year, followed by Luohu Crossing in Guangdong with 81,231,123 arrivals and departures, and Shenzhen Bay Port also in Guangdong with 42,831,754 arrivals and departures; the port with the largest number of departures and arrivals among the ports not connected with Hong Kong and Macao was Ruili Port in Yunnan with 15,756,480 arrivals and departures, which was the fifth largest land port of entry overall in terms of number of arrivals and departures. The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound vehicles was Huanggang Port, with 8,452,162 vehicles, followed by Shenzhen Bay Port with 4,388,461 vehicles and Ruili Port with 3,975,104 vehicles.^[4]: 37

Province	Name	Opening year	Connects to	Notes
Inner Mongolia	Manzhouli	1989[20]	Zabaykalsk, Russia
Inner Mongolia	Heishantou	1989[21]	Tsurukaitu, Russia
Inner Mongolia	Shiwei	1989[20]	Olochi, Russia	Bilateral traffic only
Inner Mongolia	Ar Haxat	1992[22]	Choibalsan, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Inner Mongolia	Ebuduge	2009[23]	Bayankhoshuu, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Inner Mongolia	Arxan	2012[24]	Khalkhin Gol, Mongolia
Inner Mongolia	Erenhot	1990[4]: 106	Zamyn-Üüd, Mongolia
Inner Mongolia	Ganq Mod	1992[25]	Gashuun Sukhait, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Inner Mongolia	Ceke	2005[26]	Shivee Khuren, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Inner Mongolia	Zhu'engadabuqi	1992[27]	Bichigt Zuun, Mongolia
Inner Mongolia	Mandula	2009[28]	Khangi, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Inner Mongolia	Uliji	2016[29]	Tsagaandel Uul, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Liaoning	Dandong	1955[4]: 140	Sinuiju, North Korea
Jilin	Tumen	1941[30]	Namyang, North Korea
Jilin	Nanping	1951[30]	Musan, North Korea	Bilateral traffic only
Jilin	Hunchun	1988[30]	Kraskino, Russia
Jilin	Quanhe	1998[30]	Rason, North Korea
Jilin	Changbai	1950[4]: 154	Hyesan, North Korea
Jilin	Linjiang	1950[30]	Junggang, North Korea	Bilateral traffic only
Jilin	Sanhe	1941[30]	Hoeryong, North Korea	Bilateral traffic only
Jilin	Kaishantun	1933[30]	Onsong, North Korea	Bilateral traffic only
Jilin	Guchengli	1953[4]: 154	Taehongdan, North Korea
Jilin	Shatuozi	1985[4]: 154	Kyongwon, North Korea	Bilateral traffic only
Jilin	Ji'an	2014[4]: 164	Manpo, North Korea
Jilin	Shuangmufeng	2019[4]: 166	Samjiyon, North Korea	Bilateral traffic only
Heilongjiang	Dongning	1989[31]	Poltavka, Russia
Heilongjiang	Suifenhe	2000[4]: 179	Pogranichny, Russia
Heilongjiang	Mishan	1989[32]	Turii Rog, Russia
Heilongjiang	Hulin	1989[4]: 172	Markovo, Russia
Guangdong	Luohu Port	1887[4]: 457	Lo Wu Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Huanggang Port	1988[4]: 457	Lok Ma Chau Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Wenjindu Port	1979[4]: 458	Man Kam To Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Shatoujiao	1984[4]: 458	Sha Tau Kok Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Shenzhen Bay Port	2006[4]: 458	Shenzhen Bay Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Futian Port	2007[33]	Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Liantang Checkpoint	2019[34]	Heung Yuen Wai Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Gongbei Port	1887[4]: 459	Portas do Cerco, Macau
Guangdong	Zhuhai-Macau Transborder Industrial Park	2006[4]: 460	Posto Fronteiriço do Parque Industrial Transfronteiriço, Macau	Bilateral traffic only
Guangdong	Gangzhu'ao Bridge	2017[35]	Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Control Point, Hong Kong
Guangdong	Gangzhu'ao Bridge	2017[35]	Posto Fronteiriço Da Ponte Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau, Macau
Guangdong	Qingmao Port	2017[35]	Posto Fronteiriço Qingmao, Macau	Pedestrian only
Guangxi	Friendship Pass	1992[4]: 522	Đồng Đăng, Vietnam
Guangxi	Friendship Pass	1992[4]: 522	Tân Thanh, Vietnam
Guangxi	Friendship Pass	1992[4]: 522	Cốc Nam, Vietnam[36]
Guangxi	Dongxing	1992[37]	Móng Cái, Vietnam
Guangxi	Shuikou	1992[4]: 523	Tà Lùng, Vietnam
Guangxi	Longbang	2003[4]: 523	Trà Lĩnh, Vietnam	Bilateral traffic only
Guangxi	Pingmeng	2011[38]	Sóc Giang, Vietnam	Bilateral traffic only
Guangxi	Aidian	2015[39]	Chi Ma, Vietnam	Bilateral traffic only
Guangxi	Dongzhong	2017[40]	Hoành Mô, Vietnam	Bilateral traffic only
Guangxi	Shuolong	2017[41]	Lý Vạn, Vietnam	Bilateral traffic only
Yunnan	Ruili	1978[42]	Muse, Myanmar	Bilateral traffic only
Yunnan	Wanding	1952[43]	Pang Hseng, Myanmar	Bilateral traffic only
Yunnan	Tengchong Houqiao	2000[44]	Kanpaikti, Myanmar	Bilateral traffic only
Yunnan	Mengding	2004[45]	Chinshwehaw, Myanmar	Bilateral traffic only
Yunnan	Daluo	2007[46]	Mong La, Myanmar	Bilateral traffic only
Yunnan	Hekou	2011[47]	Lào Cai, Vietnam
Yunnan	Jinshuihe	1954[48]	Ma Lù Thàng, Vietnam	Bilateral traffic only
Yunnan	Tianbao	1954[49]	Thanh Thủy, Vietnam
Yunnan	Dulong	2015[50]	Xín Mần, Vietnam
Yunnan	Mohan	1992[51]	Boten, Vietnam
Yunnan	Mengkang	2011[52]	Lantouy, Laos
Tibet	Zhangmu	1961[4]: 622	Kodari, Nepal
Tibet	Gyirong Port[53]	1961[54]	Rasuwa Fort, Nepal
Tibet	Burang	1961[4]: 622	Yari, Nepal	Bilateral traffic only
Tibet	Burang	1992[55]	Gunji, India
Gansu	Mazongshan	1992[56]	Norin-Sebestei, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only Out of service; crossing closed by Mongolia in 1993.[citation needed]
Xinjiang	Laoyemiao	1992[57]	Bugat, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Xinjiang	Ulatay	1992[57]	Baitag, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Xinjiang	Takshin	1989[58]	Bulgan, Mongolia
Xinjiang	Kiziltaw	1992[57]	Dayan, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Xinjiang	Aqimbek	1994[59]	Terekty, Kazakhstan	Bilateral traffic only
Xinjiang	Jeminay	1994[59]	Maykapshagay, Kazakhstan
Xinjiang	Baktu	1994[59]	Bakhty, Kazakhstan
Xinjiang	Alashankou	1990[60]	Dostyk, Kazakhstan
Xinjiang	Port of Khorgos	1983[61]	Khorgos, Kazakhstan
Xinjiang	Dulata	1994[59]	Kolzhat, Kazakhstan	Bilateral traffic only
Xinjiang	Muzha'erte	1994[59]	Narynkol, Kazakhstan	Bilateral traffic only
Xinjiang	Tu'ergate	1983[62]	Torugart Pass, Kazakhstan
Xinjiang	Yierkeshitan	1998[4]: 685	Erkeshtam, Kazakhstan
Xinjiang	Hongqilafu	1982[4]: 674	Sust, Pakistan
Xinjiang	Karasu	2007[63]	Kulma Pass, Tajikistan

Railways

As of 2016, the People's Republic of China had a total of 11 Class I border railway ports, and six Class I inland railway ports.

In 2016 statistics, the railway port with the highest import and export freight volume was the Manzhouli Railway Port in Inner Mongolia, with an annual volume of 13,957,721 tons, followed by the Erenhot Railway Port in Inner Mongolia, with 9,703,068 tons, and the Suifenhe Railway Port in Heilongjiang, with 8,875,453 tons. The largest number of passengers entering and leaving the country was at Guangzhou Railway Port in Guangdong, with 3,362,499, followed by 390,043 at Dongguan Railway Port in Guangdong and 184,700 at Suifenhe Railway Port in Heilongjiang. The railway port with the largest number of inbound and outbound trains was Manzhouli Railway Port in Inner Mongolia with 8,869 trains, followed by the Erenhot Railway Port with 8,688 trains, Alashankou Railway Port in Xinjiang with 8,379 trains, and Guangzhou Railway Port with 7,985 trains.^[4]: 40

Border

All international trains passing through these border crossings are subject to border control there.

Province	Name	Opening year	Connects to	Notes
Inner Mongolia	Manzhouli	1989[4]: 106	Zabaykalsk, Russia
Inner Mongolia	Erenhot	1956[4]: 106	Zamiin-Uud, Mongolia
Inner Mongolia	Ganq Mod	2007[64]	Gashuun Sukhait, Mongolia	Bilateral traffic only
Inner Mongolia	Ceke	2003[65]	Shivee Khuren, Mongolia
Inner Mongolia	Zhu'engadabuqi	1992[66]	Erdenetsagaan, Mongolia
Liaoning	Dandong	1954[4]: 132	Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn, North Korea
Jilin	Ji'an	1954[4]: 154	Manpo, North Korea
Jilin	Tumen	1954[4]: 154	Namyang, North Korea
Jilin	Hunchun	1998[67]	Kamyshovyy, Russia
Heilongjiang	Suifenhe	1952[4]: 172	Pogranichny, Russia
Guangxi	Pingxiang	1992[4]: 523	Đồng Đăng, Vietnam
Yunnan	Hekou	1953[4]: 612	Lào Cai, Vietnam
Yunnan	Mohan	2021[68]	Boten, Laos
Xinjiang	Alashankou	1990[60]	Dostyk, Kazakhstan
Xinjiang	Khorgas	2014[69]	Altynkol, Kazakhstan

Inland

Some inland ports do not have "direct entry and exit" required by law to be ports of entry. These ports operate with restrictions as "temporary ports".^[70]

Province	Name	Opening year	Railway station	Connects to	Notes
Jilin	Changchun	2016[71]	Xinglongshan	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Heilongjiang	Harbin	1996[4]: 179	Harbin	Russia
Heilongjiang	Harbin	1996[4]: 179	Xiangfang	European Union	Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics
Shanghai	Shanghai	2009[4]: 201	Yangpu	European Union	Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics
Shanghai	Shanghai	2009[4]: 201	Luchaogang	European Union	Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics
Zhejiang	Yiwu	2015[72]	Yiwu	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Jiangxi	Ganzhou	2016[73]	Ganzhou International Port	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Henan	Zhengzhou	1997[4]: 367	Putian West	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Hubei	Wuhan	2015[74]	Wuhan Railway Container Transport Center[75][76]	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Guangdong	Guangzhou	1979[4]: 455	Dalang	European Union	Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Guangdong	Dongguan	2015[77]	Shilong	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Guangdong	Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link	2018[78]: 440	Hong Kong West Kowloon	HSR Kowloon West Control Point, Hong Kong	Control point located in Hong Kong and operates under mainland China laws.
Chongqing	Chongqing	2013[79]	Tuanjiecun	European Union	Temporary
Sichuan	Chengdu	2014[80]	Chengxiang	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Shaanxi	Xi'an	2014[81]	Xi'an Guojigang	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Gansu	Lanzhou	2016[82]	Zhongchuan North	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Gansu	Lanzhou	2016[82]	Yingchuanpu	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.
Xinjiang	Urumqi	2016[83]	Ürümqi West	European Union	Temporary. Used by Trans-Eurasia Logistics.

Seaports

As of 2016, the People's Republic of China had 82 Type I seaports. According to 2016 statistics, the port with the largest import and export cargo volume was Qingdao Water Transport Port in Shandong, with an annual transport volume of 298,370,511 tons, followed by Tangshan Water Transport Port in Hebei with 294,365,760 tons, and Shanghai Water Transport Port with 276,327,246 tons.^[d]The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound passengers was the Shanghai Water Transport Port with 4,382,056 passengers, followed by the Guangdong Shekou Water Transport Port with 3,222,543 passengers and the Xiamen Water Transport Port of Entry with 2,251,615 passengers. The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound vessels is Guangdong Shekou Port of Entry with 60,023 vessels, followed by Shanghai Maritime Port with 25,551 vessels and Fujian Xiamen Water Port with 21,677 vessels.^[4]: 32

Province	Name	Opening year	Seaport	Notes
Tianjin	Tianjin	1860[4]: 60	Tianjin
Tianjin	Bozhong	1988[4]: 60	China National Offshore Oil Corporation offshore oil delivery point
Hebei	Qinhuangdao	1898[4]: 76	Qinhuangdao
Hebei	Tangshan	1992[84]	Tangshan
Hebei	Huanghua	2002[4]: 76	Huanghua
Liaoning	Dalian	1960[4]: 141	Dalian
Liaoning	Lushun Xingang	2006[85]	Dalian
Liaoning	Zhuanghe	2007[86]	Dalian
Liaoning	Changxingdao	2011[87]	Dalian
Liaoning	Yingkou	1984[4]: 132	Yingkou
Liaoning	Panjin	2015[88]	Panjin
Liaoning	Dandong	1985[89]	Dandong
Liaoning	Jinzhou	1989[90]	Jinzhou
Liaoning	Huludao	1999[91]	Huludao
Shanghai	Shanghai	1842[4]: 190	Shanghai
Jiangsu	Lianyungang	1956[4]: 219	Lianyungang
Jiangsu	Dafeng	2006[4]: 220	Yancheng
Jiangsu	Yancheng	2017[92]	Yancheng
Jiangsu	Rudong	2014[93]	Nantong
Jiangsu	Qidong	2014[93]	Nantong
Zhejiang	Ningbo	1979[4]: 255	Ningbo-Zhoushan	Includes temporary PoE area[4]: 255
Zhejiang	Zhoushan	1986[94]	Ningbo-Zhoushan
Zhejiang	Wenzhou	1957[4]: 256	Wenzhou
Zhejiang	Taizhou	1989[4]: 256	Taizhou	Includes temporary PoE area[4]: 256
Zhejiang	Jiaxing	1996[4]: 257	Jiaxing
Fujian	Fuzhou	1842[4]: 294	Fuzhou[95]
Fujian	Pingtan	2014[96]	Fuzhou[95]
Fujian	Ningde	1993[97]	Fuzhou[95]
Fujian	Putian	1995[98]	Putian
Fujian	Quanzhou	1981[4]: 304	Quanzhou
Fujian	Zhangzhou	1991[99]	Xiamen[100]
Fujian	Xiamen	1842[4]: 294	Xiamen[101]
Shandong	Qingdao	1953[4]: 334	Qingdao
Shandong	Dongjiakou	2016[102]	Qingdao
Shandong	Yantai	1953[4]: 334	Yantai
Shandong	Longkou	1984[4]: 346	Yantai
Shandong	Penglai	1996[4]: 349	Yantai
Shandong	Laizhou	1996[4]: 349	Yantai
Shandong	Weihai	1984[4]: 346	Weihai
Shandong	Shidao	1988[103]	Weihai
Shandong	Longyan	1999[4]: 350	Weihai
Shandong	Rizhao[e][citation needed]	1986[104][failed verification]	Rizhao
Shandong	Dongying	1995[105]	Dongying
Shandong	Weifang	2007[106]: 90	Weifang
Guangdong	Guangzhou	1963[107]	Guangzhou
Guangdong	Nansha	1992[106]: 462	Guangzhou
Guangdong	Lianhuashan	1985[108]	Guangzhou
Guangdong	Pazhou	2023[109]	Guangzhou
Guangdong	Yantian Wharves	1990[110]	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Shenzhen Dachanwan	2009[111]	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Daya Bay Special Wharf	1985[4]: 463	Shenzhen	Serves the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant
Guangdong	Xichong	1983[4]: 408	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Meisha	1984[4]: 463	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Shekou Industrial Area	1981[4]: 463	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Chiwan Wharf	1984[4]: 408	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Mawan Wharf	1990[4]: 408	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Dongjiaotou	1987[4]: 408	Shenzhen
Guangdong	Fuyong	1992[112]	Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport
Guangdong	Huizhou	1993[113]	Huizhou
Guangdong	Humen	1997[114]	Dongguan
Guangdong	Shanwei	1988[4]: 408	Shanwei
Guangdong	Chaozhou	1994[115]	Chaozhou
Guangdong	Jieyang	2010[116]	Jieyang
Guangdong	Shantou	1860[4]: 408	Shantou
Guangdong	Chaoyang	1996[117]	Shantou
Guangdong	Nan'ao	1993[118]	Shantou
Guangdong	Zhuhai	1994[4]: 465	Zhuhai
Guangdong	Jiuzhou	1981[4]: 465	Zhuhai
Guangdong	Wanshan	1995[4]: 465	Zhuhai
Guangdong	Wanzai Ferry	1984[4]: 466	Zhuhai
Guangdong	Jiangmen	1996[119]	Jiangmen
Guangdong	Guangmei	1985[120]	Jiangmen
Guangdong	Yangjiang	1993[121]	Yangjiang
Guangdong	Zhanjiang	1956[122]	Zhanjiang
Guangdong	Maoming	1988[123]	Maoming
Guangxi	Beihai	1950[4]: 514	Beibu Gulf
Guangxi	Shitoubu	1994[115]	Beibu Gulf
Guangxi	Qinzhou	1994[124]	Beibu Gulf
Guangxi	Fangchenggang	1983[115]	Beibu Gulf
Hainan	Haikou	1957[125]	Haikou
Hainan	Sanya	1984[125]	Sanya
Hainan	Qinglan	1996[126]	Qinglan
Hainan	Yangpu	1990[125]	Yangpu
Hainan	Basuo	1988[125]	Basuo

Rivers

As of 2016, the People's Republic of China has a total of 44 Class I river ports and 11 Class I boundary river ports on the Songhua, Heilongjiang, Ussuri, Yangtze, Pearl, and Lancang rivers. Boundary river ports between China and Russia utilize ship transportation during the clear water period, and road transportation during the ice closure period.

In 2016 statistics, the river port with the largest volume of import and export freight was Zhangjiagang Water Transport Port in Jiangsu, with an annual volume of 76,256,569 tons, followed by Taicang Waterway Port in Jiangsu with 62,180,070 tons and Nantong Waterway Port with 51,403,683 tons, also in Jiangsu. The river port with the largest number of people entering and leaving the country was Guangdong's Zhongshan Water Transportation Port with 1,339,634 person-times, followed by Heilongjiang's Heihe with 718,521 person-times and Guangdong's Shunde with 632,295 person-times. The port with the largest number of inbound and outbound vehicles was Zhongshan Port with 20,071 trips, followed by Shunde with 10,819 trips, and Heihe with 8,523 trips, in addition to having 31,959 vehicles entering and exiting the country during the ice closure period.^[4]: 36

Province	Name	Established	River port	Notes
Jilin	Da'an	1990[127]	Da'an
Heilongjiang	Harbin	1989[4]: 180	Harbin
Heilongjiang	Jiamusi	1989[4]: 180	Jiamusi
Heilongjiang	Huachuan	1994[128]	Jiamusi
Heilongjiang	Fujin	1989[4]: 180	Jiamusi
Heilongjiang	Suibin	1995[4]: 180	Suibin
Jiangsu	Nanjing	1986[129]	Nanjing
Jiangsu	Nantong	1982[130]	Nantong
Jiangsu	Rugao	2008[131]	Nantong
Jiangsu	Zhangjiagang	1982[4]: 210	Suzhou
Jiangsu	Taicang	1995[4]: 210	Suzhou
Jiangsu	Changshu	1995[4]: 223	Suzhou
Jiangsu	Zhenjiang	1986[132]	Zhenjiang
Jiangsu	Jiangyin	1992[133]	Jiangyin
Jiangsu	Yangzhou	1992[134]	Yangzhou
Jiangsu	Taizhou	1992[134]	Taizhou
Jiangsu	Jingjiang	2012[135]	Taizhou
Jiangsu	Changzhou	2001[136]	Changzhou
Anhui	Wuhu	1980[4]: 283	Wuhu
Anhui	Tongling	1993[137]	Tongling
Anhui	Anqing	1986[4]: 284	Anqing
Anhui	Ma'anshan	1990[138]	Ma'anshan
Anhui	Chizhou	2005[139]	Chizhou
Jiangxi	Jiujiang	1980[4]: 326	Jiujiang
Hubei	Wuhan	1992[140]	Wuhan
Hubei	Huangshi	1993[141]	Huangshi
Hunan	Chenglingji	1996[142]	Yueyang
Guangdong	Xintang	1995[107]	—	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Doumen	1987[143]	Zhuhai	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Zhongshan	1984[4]: 469	Zhongshan
Guangdong	Nanhai	1985[4]: 408	Foshan	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Rongqi	1986[144]	Foshan	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Gaoming	1992[145]	Foshan	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Zhaoqing	1982[4]: 473	Zhaoqing	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Jiangmen	1981[4]: 408	Jiangmen	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Xinhui	1992[4]: 470	Jiangmen
Guangdong	Heshan	1988[146]	Jiangmen	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangdong	Sanbu	1982[4]: 471	Jiangmen	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangxi	Wuzhou	1982[4]: 514	Wuzhou	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangxi	Guigang	1992[147]	Guigang	Chinese-flagged ships only
Guangxi	Liuzhou	1988[148]	Liuzhou	Chinese-flagged ships only
Chongqing	Chongqing	2010[4]: 562	Chongqing	Chinese-flagged ships only
Sichuan	Yibin	2018[149]	Yibin	Temporary
Sichuan	Luzhou	2018[150]	Luzhou	Temporary
Shanghai	Pujiang	2013[151]	Pujiang
Yunnan	Jinghong	1993[152]	Jinghong
Yunnan	Simao	1993[152]	Simao

Border river

Province	Name	Opening year	Port name	Connects to	Notes
Heilongjiang	Fuyuan	1992[153]	Jiamushi	Khabarovsk, Russia
Heilongjiang	Tongjiang	1986[154]	Jiamushi	Nizhneleninskoye, Russia
Heilongjiang	Luobei	1989[155]	Luobei	Amurzet, Russia
Heilongjiang	Jiayin	1989[155]	Jiayin	Pashkovo, Russia
Heilongjiang	Heihe	1982[4]: 181	Heihe	Blagoveshchensk, Russia
Heilongjiang	Xunke	1989[156]	Heihe	Poyarkovo, Russia
Heilongjiang	Sunwu	1993[157]	Heihe	Konstantinovka, Russia	Unopened due to construction delays on the Russian side[158]
Heilongjiang	Huma	1993[159]	Huma	Ushakovo, Russia	Unopened due to construction delays on the Russian side[158]
Heilongjiang	Mohe	1989[155]	Mohe	Dzhalinda, Russia	Inactive since 2007 due to Russian changes to Dzhalinda Port operations[160]
Heilongjiang	Raohe	1989[155]	Raohe	Pokrovka, Russia

Aviation

Air Transportation Ports of Entry  (APE), also known as Aviation Ports of Entry, are categorized into two types: Class I aviation ports, open to all airlines, and Restricted (限制类) Class I aviation ports, open only to aircraft flying the Chinese flag. According to the "Regulations of the State Council on the Opening of Ports of Entry", issued on 18 September 1985, the opening of an Air Transport Port of Entry must always be subject to State Council approval.^[161]

According to the requirements of the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), to officially become an "international airport", the airport must meet the requirements of a port of entry, meet the requirements to allow the flight of foreign airplanes, and the acceptance of the joint inspection facilities by the State Port Administration Office.^[162] As of January 12, 2024, the People's Republic of China has a total of 83 Class I APE (adding up to 86 actual airports),^[163] including 60 official international airports, 16 international airports that have not yet been named as such, 4 airports with restricted access, and 6 airports that have not yet passed the acceptance for a port of entry. There are also 18 temporarily open aviation ports, and in emergencies, ports may be open exceptionally: Guanghan Airport, which is not a civil transportation airport, was temporarily opened to the public during the Wenchuan earthquake relief efforts.^[164]

In 2016 statistics, the port with the largest number of arrivals and departures was the Shanghai Air Transport Port, with an annual volume of 37,927,468 passengers,^[d] followed by the Beijing Air Transportation Port with 24,252,289 passengers, and the Guangdong Guangzhou Air Transport Port with 13,219,779 passengers. The port with the largest volume of import and export cargo was the Shanghai APE, with 4,746,330 tons, followed by the Beijing APE with 1,853,736 tons, and the Guangzhou APE in Guangdong Province with 1,631,938 tons. The largest number of inbound/outbound flights was at the Shanghai APE with 234,047, followed by 131,483 at the Beijing APE, and 93,616 at the Guangzhou APE in Guangdong Province.^[4]: 29  

Aviation

Air Transportation Ports of Entry  (APE), also known as Aviation Ports of Entry, are categorized into two types: Class I aviation ports, open to all airlines, and Restricted (限制类) Class I aviation ports, open only to aircraft flying the Chinese flag. According to the "Regulations of the State Council on the Opening of Ports of Entry", issued on 18 September 1985, the opening of an Air Transport Port of Entry must always be subject to State Council approval.^[165]

According to the requirements of the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), to officially become an "international airport", the airport must meet the requirements of a port of entry, meet the requirements to allow the flight of foreign airplanes, and the acceptance of the joint inspection facilities by the State Port Administration Office.^[166] As of January 12, 2024, the People's Republic of China has a total of 83 Class I APE (adding up to 86 actual airports),^[167] including 60 official international airports, 16 international airports that have not yet been named as such, 4 airports with restricted access, and 6 airports that have not yet passed the acceptance for a port of entry. There are also 18 temporarily open aviation ports, and in emergencies, ports may be open exceptionally: Guanghan Airport, which is not a civil transportation airport, was temporarily opened to the public during the Wenchuan earthquake relief efforts.^[168]

In 2016 statistics, the port with the largest number of arrivals and departures was the Shanghai Air Transport Port, with an annual volume of 37,927,468 passengers,^[d] followed by the Beijing Air Transportation Port with 24,252,289 passengers, and the Guangdong Guangzhou Air Transport Port with 13,219,779 passengers. The port with the largest volume of import and export cargo was the Shanghai APE, with 4,746,330 tons, followed by the Beijing APE with 1,853,736 tons, and the Guangzhou APE in Guangdong Province with 1,631,938 tons. The largest number of inbound/outbound flights was at the Shanghai APE with 234,047, followed by 131,483 at the Beijing APE, and 93,616 at the Guangzhou APE in Guangdong Province.^[4]: 29

Province	Name	Established	Airport	Notes
Beijing	Beijing	1954[169]	Beijing Capital International
Beijing	Beijing	2019[170]	Beijing Daxing International
Tianjin	Tianjim	1981[171]	Tianjin Binhai International
Hebei	Shijiazhuang	1995[172]	Shijiazhuang Zhengding International
Hebei	n/a	2007[173]	Qinhuangdao Beidaihe	Temporary
Shanxi	Taiyuan	1993[174]	Taiyuan Wusu International
Shanxi	Datong	2019[170]	Datong Yungang
Shanxi	Yuncheng	2020[175]	Yuncheng Zhangxiao
Shanxi	n/a	2019[176]	Xinzhou Wutaishan	Temporary
Inner Mongolia	Hohhot	1991[177]	Hohhot Baita International
Inner Mongolia	Ordos	2016[178]	Ordos Ejin Horo International
Inner Mongolia	Erenhot	2021[179]	Erenhot Saiwusu
Inner Mongolia	Baotou	2019[170]	Baotou Donghe
Inner Mongolia	n/a	2019[180]	Ulanqab Jining	Temporary
Inner Mongolia	Manzhouli	2009[181]	Manzhouli Xijiao
Inner Mongolia	Hailar	1993[182]	Hulunbuir Hailar
Inner Mongolia	n/a	2015[183]	Arxan Yiershi	Temporary
Liaoning	Shenyang	1959[184]	Shenyang Taoxian International
Liaoning	n/a	2013[185]	Jinzhou Jinzhouwan	Temporary
Liaoning	Dalian	1985[186]	Dalian Zhoushuizi International
Liaoning	n/a	2007[187]	Dandong Langtou	Temporary
Jilin	Changchun	1992[188]	Changchun Longjia International
Jilin	Yanji	2003[189]	Yanji Chaoyangchuan International
Heilongjiang	Harbin	1984[190]	Harbin Taiping International
Heilongjiang	Qiqihar	1993[191]	Qiqihar Sanjiazi
Heilongjiang	Mudanjiang	1996[4]: 179	Mudanjiang Hailang International
Heilongjiang	Jiamusi	1992[192]	Jiamusi Dongjiao
Heilongjiang	n/a	1992[193]	Heihe Aihui	Temporary
Heilongjiang	n/a	2016[194]	Fuyuan Dongji	Temporary
Shanghai	Shanghai	1963[195]	Shanghai Hongqiao International
Shanghai	Shanghai	1999[196]	Shanghai Pudong International
Jiangsu	Nanjing	1979[197]	Nanjing Lukou International
Jiangsu	Xuzhou	2008[4]: 217	Xuzhou Guanyin International
Jiangsu	Yancheng	2007[198]	Yancheng Nanyang International
Jiangsu	Wuxi	2008[199]	Wuxi Shuofang International
Jiangsu	Changzhou	2014[4]: 218	Changzhou Benniu International
Jiangsu	Huaian	2014[200]	Huaian Lianshui International
Jiangsu	Yangtai	2015[201]	Yangzhou Taizhou International
Jiangsu	Nantong	2015[202]	Nantong Xingdong International
Zhejiang	Hangzhou	1979[203]	Hangzhou Xiaoshan International
Zhejiang	Wenzhou	1994[204]	Wenzhou Longwan International
Zhejiang	Yiwu	2014[205]	Yiwu
Zhejiang	Zhoushan	2018[206]	Zhoushan Putuoshan
Zhejiang	Ningbo	1992[207]	Ningbo Lishe International
Anhui	Hefei	1990[208]	Hefei Xinqiao International
Anhui	Huangshan	1992[209]	Huangshan Tunxi International
Fujian	Fuzhou	1982[210]: 244	Fuzhou Changle International
Fujian	Wuyishan	1993[211]	Wuyishan	Only connections with Hong Kong
Fujian	Quanzhou	2009[212]	Quanzhou Jinjiang International
Fujian	Xiamen	1983[4]: 294	Xiamen Gaoqi International
Jiangxi	Nanchang	1990[213]	Nanchang Changbei International
Jiangxi	n/a	2019[214]	Ganzhou Huangjin	Temporary
Shandong	Jinan	1990[215]	Jinan Yaoqiang International
Shandong	-	2015[216]	Weifang	Temporary
Shandong	Qingdao	1988[217]	Qingdao Jiaodong International
Shandong	Yantai	1992[218]: 29	Yantai Penglai International
Shandong	Weihai	2004[4]: 343	Weihai Dashuipo
Shandong	Linyi	2019[170]	Linyi Qiyang International
Henan	Zhengzhou	1988[219]	Zhengzhou Xinzheng International
Henan	Luoyang	1992[4]: 367	Luoyang Beijiao	Restricted
Hubei	Wuhan	1987[220]	Wuhan Tianhe International
Hubei	Yichang	2005[221]	Yichang Sanxia
Hubei	-	2023[222]	Ezhou Huahu	Temporary
Hubei	-	2019[223]	Xiangyang Liuji	Temporary
Hunan	Changsha	1990[224]	Changsha Huanghua International
Hunan	Zhangjiajie	1997[225]	Zhangjiajie Hehua International
Guangdong	Guangzhou	1956[226][227]	Guangzhou Baiyun International
Guangdong	Shenzhen	1992[228]	Shenzhen Bao'an International
Guangdong	Jieyang	1986[229][230]	Jieyang Chaoshan International
Guangdong	Meizhou	1989[4]: 455	Meizhou Meixian	Restricted
Guangdong	Zhanjiang	1987[4]: 455	Zhanjiang Wuchuan
Guangdong	-	2009[231]	Zhuhai Jinwan	Temporary
Guangxi	Nanning	1956[226][227]	Nanning Wuxu International
Guangxi	Guilin	1979[232]	Guilin Liangjiang International
Guangxi	Beihai	1993[233]	Beihai Fucheng	Restricted
Guangxi	-	2018[234]	Liuzhou Bailian	Temporary
Hainan	Haikou	1983[235]	Haikou Meilan International
Hainan	Sanya	1983[236]	Sanya Fenghuang International
Chongqing	Chongqing	1987[237]	Chongqing Jiangbei International
Sichuan	Chengdu	1981[238] &2021[179]	Chengdu Shuangliu International
Sichuan	Chengdu	1981[238]	Chengdu Tianfu International
Guizhou	Guiyang	1992[239]	Guiyang Longdongbao International
Guizhou	-	2018[240]	Tongren Fenghuang	Temporary
Yunnan	Kunming	1955[4]: 606	Kunming Changshui International
Yunnan	Xishuangbanna	1995[241]	Xishuangbanna Gasa International
Yunnan	Lijiang	2011[242]	Lijiang Sanyi International
Yunnan	Mangshi	2016[243]	Dehong Mangshi International
Yunnan	-	1962[244]: 75	Pu'er Simao	Temporary
Tibet	Lhasa	1993[245]	Lhasa Gonggar
Shaanxi	Xi'an	1981[246]	Xi'an Xianyang International
Shaanxi	-	2018[247]	Yulin Yuyang	Temporary
Gansu	Lanzhou	1992[248]	Lanzhou Zhongchuan International
Gansu	Dunhuang	2015[249]	Dunhuang Mogao International
Qinghai	Xining	2006[250]	Xining Caojiapu International
Ningxia	Yinchuan	2005[251]	Yinchuan Hedong International
Xinjiang	Ürümqi	1973[4]: 678	Ürümqi Tianshan International
Xinjiang	Kashgar	1993[252]	Kashgar Laining International
Xinjiang	Yining	2016[4]: 679	Yinin
Xinjiang	-	2017[253]	Karamay Guhai	Temporary

Images

Images of various ports of entry of China

• 
  Manzhouli Road PoE
• 
  Erenhot Road PoE
• 
  Dandong PoE, the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge towards North Korea
• 
  Tumen Railway PoE
• 
  Hunchun PoE
• 
  Lo Wu Control Point
• 
  Sino-Vietnamese border, Pingxiang, Friendship Pass
• 
  Dongxing PoE
• 
  Ruili PoE
• 
  Wanding PoE, Mangman Crossing
• 
  Mohan PoE
• 
  Hekou PoE
• 
  Zhangmu border crossing
• 
  Kashgar, Khunjerab Pass 's boundary marker
• 
  Alataw Pass PoE
• 
  West Kowloon Station, Hong Kong
• 
  Port of ShanghaiYangshan Deep-water Harbour
• 
  Kunming Changshui International Airport
• 
  Ürümqi international airport
• 
  Qingmao Port, Macao

See also

• Borders of China

Notes

1. during the Covid 19 pandemic, the National Health Commission and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention took over organizing and running the new stringent border controls and 21-days quarantines, once the full-country lock-down was eased down.^[9]
2. These statistics refer to the officially opened ports of entry, and excludes the cargo and passengers that entered to temporarily opened ports
3. Bilateral ports mean those ports of entry that are limited exclusively to the citizens of the two bordering countries, and cannot process third-country nationals
4. As these statistics are port of entry measurements, they count only passengers and cargo entering or leaving the country in international flights or ships. Total throughput numbers for ports such as Shanghai and Beijing are much larger when including domestic cargo and passengers.
5. On December 28, 2016, the State Council approved merging Shishu Port and Lanshan Port into Rizhao Port.